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intro to organic chem Flashcards

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22
Q

Define General Formula

A

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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23
Q

Define Empirical formula

A

Simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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24
Q

Define Molecular formula

A

Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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25
Q

Define Structural Formula

A

Shows the atoms carbon by carbon + attached hydrogens & functional groups

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26
Q

Define Skeletal Formula

A

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton ONLY + any functional groups

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27
Q

Define Displayed Formula

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

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32
Q

What is the functional group for aldehydes?

A

oxygen to primary carbon

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33
Q

What is the functional group for ketones?

A

oxygen to secondary carbon

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34
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A
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35
Q

What is the functional group for nitriles?

A
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36
Q

What is the functional group for amines?

A
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39
Q

What is the functional group for alkanes?

A

C—C

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40
Q

What is the functional group for alkenes?

A

C=C

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41
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols?

A

C—OH

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42
Q

What is the functional group for haloalkanes?

A

C—halogen

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48
Q

What is suffix for alkenes?

A

-ene

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49
Q

What is suffix & prefix for alcohols?

A

-ol & hydroxy-

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50
Q

What is the prefix for haloalkanes? (4x)

A
  • fluoro-
  • chloro-
  • bromo-
  • iodo-
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51
Q

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

A

-(an)al

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52
Q

What is the prefix & suffix for ketones?

A

oxo- & -(an)one

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53
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

-(an)oic acid

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54
Q

What is the suffix for nitriles?

A

-(anen)nitrile

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55
Q

What is the prefix & suffix for amines?

A

-(yl)amine & amino-

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56
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

(n = 1,2,3 etc.)

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57
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

(n = 1,2,3 etc.)

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58
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

(n = 1,2,3 etc.)

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59
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

(n = 0,1,2 etc.)

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60
Q

What is the general formula for haloalkanes?

A

CnH2n+1X

(n = 1,2,3 etc.)

(X = F, Cl etc.)

61
Q

What is the general formula for primary amines?

A

CnH2n+1NH2

(n = 1,2,3 etc.)

62
Q

What is the general formula for aldehydes?

A

CnH2n+1CHO

(n = 0,1,2 etc.)

63
Q

What is the general formula for ketones?

A

CmH2m+1COCnH2n+1

(m & n = 0,1,2 etc.)

64
Q

What is a chain isomer?

A
  • Same molecular formula
  • Hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently
65
Q

What is a positional isomer?

A
  • Compounds with same molecular formula
  • But different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on
  • The same carbon chain
66
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A
  • Same molecular formula
  • Have the same atoms but have different functional groups
67
Q

Name 5 features of a homologous series

A
  1. Chemically similar / react in same way
  2. Each successive member differs by CH2
  3. Same general formula
  4. Same functional group
  5. Gradation in physical properties or specified trend
68
Q

What effect does the length of the carbon chain have on chemical reactivity of the functional group?

A

Has little effect

69
Q

What affects the physical properties (e.g. melting/boiling point & solubility) of carbon molecule?

A

The length of carbon chain

70
Q

In general: small molecules are ___ and larger ones are ____ + _____

A

gas & liquids + solids

71
Q

Why does the length of the carbon chain affect physical properties?

A

Melting/boiling points increase by small amounts as no. of C in chain increases ∵ intermolecular forces increase

72
Q

Where are the same groups situated in (cis) Z-isomer?

A

Either both above or both below double bond

(matching groups are on ‘ze zame zide’)

73
Q

Where are the same groups situated in (trans) E-isomer?

A

Same groups positioned across the double bond

(matching groups are ‘enemies’)

74
Q

How does chain branching generally affect melting points and why?

A
  • Reduces melting points
  • ∵ less surface area (molecules pack together less well) & weaker van der Waals forces
75
Q

Describe how we use the CIP rules to identify a E-/Z-isomer

A
  1. Identify the groups directly bonded to each of the C=C carbon atoms
  2. Assign a priority by finding the atom with the highest atomic number - this given the highest priority
  3. If higher priority groups = same side of molecule = Z-isomer OR if higher priority groups = different sides of molecule = E-isomer
76
Q

CIP rules: What do you do if the atoms directly bonded to carbon are the same?

A

Look at next atom in the groups to work out which has the higher priority

77
Q

Hydrogen ring molecules have prefix of ____

A

‘cyclo’

78
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but their atoms are arranged differently

79
Q

What reaction do mechanisms show?

A

How molecules react together

80
Q

What do curly arrows show?

A

How electron pairs move around in reactions

81
Q

Name 2 type of isomers

A

Stereoisomers & structural isomers

82
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Have same molecular formula but different structural formulas

83
Q

Name 3 types of structural isomers

A
  • Chain Isomers
  • Positional Isomers
  • Functional Group Isomers
85
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

-COO

88
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

(Where 2 or more) compounds with the same structural formula but with atoms arranged differently in space

89
Q

_____ show E/Z Isomerism

A

Alkenes

90
Q

The atoms connected to the C=C double bonds _____ rotate around them like they can around single bonds

A

Cannot

91
Q

What causes the type of stereoisomerism called E/Z isomerism?

A

Restricted rotation around the (planar) C=C double bond

92
Q

Explain how alkenes show E/Z isomerism

A
  1. Alkenes have restricted rotation around their C=C double bonds
  2. & if both of the double-bond carbons have different functional groups attached to them = get 2 stereoisomers (E/Z isomerism)
95
Q

What rules do we use to identify whether a molcule with a C=C bond, surrounded by 3 or 4 different functional groups, is a E- or Z- isomer?

A

Use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules

98
Q

Why is the IUPAC system used for naming organic compounds?

A

It’s the agreed international language of chemistry so it allows scientific ideas to be communicated across the globe more effectively

99
Q

What are mechanisms?

A

Diagrams that break reactions down into individual stages

102
Q

As electrons are _____ _____, they move from areas of high ______ _____ to more _____ ____ areas

A

As electrons are negatively charged = move from areas of high electron density to more positively charged areas

(e.g. pair of electrons = attracted to carbon atom at positive end of a polar bond)

103
Q

Explain how free radicals form?

A
  1. Sometimes a covalent bond may break in such a way that 1 electron goes to each atom that originally formed the bond
  2. These fragments of original molecule have an unpaired electron = called free radicals
104
Q

Free radicals are extremely ____

A

reactive

105
Q

How are free radicals represented?

A

By a dot

(e.g. CH3• = methyl radical)

107
Q

State the name of CH3CH=CHCH2OH

A

But-2-en-1-ol

108
Q

How are cyclic alkanes named?

A

Cyclo-(name of longest ring)

109
Q

Define: Alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon which contains rings

110
Q

Define: Aromatic Hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon which contains benzene rings

111
Q

Define: Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon which contains long chains

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