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PT3 Oncology > intro to oncology/pharmacology > Flashcards

intro to oncology/pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

why are rates in cancer death decreasing

A
  • prevention

- early detection

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2
Q

traits of cancer cells

A
  • increased mutation rate
  • replicate in absence of growth signal
  • resist apoptosis
  • contact independence
  • epidermal mesenchymal transformation
  • vascularize
  • telomere extension
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3
Q

4 steps of carcinogenesis

A
  • initiation
  • promotion
  • conversion/transformation
  • progression
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4
Q

oncogene

A

mutated gene that leads to abnormal protein which drives malignant growth
“gain of function”

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5
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

regulate and inhibit inappropriate cellular growth and proliferation
“loss of function”

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6
Q

in myelogenous leukemia bcr-abl does what

A

tells cell to grow independently of signaling

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7
Q

where does bcr-abl come from

A

piece of chromosome 9 gets put on chromosome 22

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8
Q

main tumor suppressor gene

A

p53

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9
Q

p53 action

A
  • enforces negative regulation
  • allows cell to halt growth to repair and make corrections
  • inactivation allows for mutation
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10
Q

tests for breast screening

A
  • self exam

- mammography

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11
Q

tests for colon/rectal screening

A
  • FOBT/FIT
  • flex sigmoidoscopy
  • colonoscopy
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12
Q

tests for prostate screening

A

digital rectal exam/PSA

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13
Q

tests for cervical screening

A

pap smear

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14
Q

tests for endometrial screening

A

risk/symptoms only

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15
Q

7 warning signs of cancer

A
  • Change in bowel or bladder habits
  • A sore that does not heal
  • Unusual bleeding or discharge
  • Thickening or lump
  • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • Obvious change in wart or mole
  • Nagging cough or hoarseness
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16
Q

what do we need in cancer diagnosis before starting treatment

A

biopsy

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17
Q

TNM classification

A
  • Tumor size
  • Nodal involvement
  • Metastases
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18
Q

stage I

A

localized tumor

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19
Q

stage 2 and 3

A

local and regional extension

20
Q

stage 4

A

distant metastases

21
Q

treatment modalities (pillars of cancer care)

A 
surgery
radiation
chemotherapy
biological/targeted
immunotherapy
22
Q

treatments for local control

A

surgery

radiation

23
Q

complete response

A

disappearance of all cancer w/o evidence of new disease for at least 1 month after

24
Q

partial response

A

50% or greater decrease in tumor size or objective tumor markers and no evidence of new disease within 1 month

25
Q

stable disease

A

neither grows or shrinks by 25%

26
Q

progression of cancer

A

25% increase in tumor size or development of new lesions

27
Q

two types of toxicities

A
  • dose related toxicity

- cumulative toxicity (each dose increases odds)

28
Q

absolute neutrophil count equations

A
  • WBC x PMNs+bands
  • WBC x neutrophils
  • WBC x granulocyte
29
Q

BSA equation

A

= sqrt((ht x wt)/3600)

30
Q

ClCr equation

A

((140-age) x weight) / SCr x 72

*0.85 for female

31
Q

IBW equation for male

A

50 + 2.3(inches >5 feet)

32
Q

IBW equation for females

A

45.5 + 2.3(inches >5 feet)

33
Q

salvage chemotherapy

A

chemo given after relapse has occurred

34
Q

doubling time

A

time to double cell population

35
Q

growth fraction

A

fraction of cells in cell cycle

36
Q

surgery is needed for what type of doubling time cancers

A

long doubling time

37
Q

cancers with short doubling time

A
  • burkitt’s lymphoma
  • choriocarcioma
  • ALL
  • hodgkin’s disease
38
Q

cancers that can be treated with a single drug

A

burkitt’s lymphoma

choriocarcioma

39
Q

how tumor location in relation to vessels affects drug efficacy

A

cancer further away form blood supply makes it more difficult to get drugs to treat it

40
Q

mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy

A
  • decrease in cellular uptake or increased efflux of drugs
  • increased proficiency of repair of DNA
  • increase in levels of target enzyme
  • alterations in target enzyme
  • decrease in drug activation
41
Q

drug therapy outcomes are limited by

A
  • metabolic capacity of liver and kidney
  • ability to produce blood cells
  • ability of GI tract to recover
42
Q

hematologic toxicities of cancer drugs

A

anemia
thrombocytopenia
neutropenia

43
Q

length of time to recover for rapid recovery drugs

A

17-21 days after therapy

44
Q

length of time to recover for delayed recovery drugs

A

42-50 days after therapy

45
Q

two broad categories of toxicity that cancer drugs show

A

dose related

cumulative

PT3 Oncology (9 decks)

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