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Oncology / Organ Transplant > Intro to Oncology > Flashcards

Intro to Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Top 3 types of cancer occurrences

A

Breast/Prostate
Lung
Colon

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2
Q

Top 3 types of cancer deaths

A

Lung
Breast/Prostate
Colon

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3
Q

Mature cells, resemble the normal cells from which they have arisen

A

Well-differentiated cells

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4
Q

Immature cells, have little resemblance to the tissue of origin

A

Undifferentiated cells

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5
Q

Characteristics of cancer

A

Clonality
Autonomy
Anaplasia

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6
Q

Characteristics of a benign tumor

A 
Grow slowly
Well-defined capsule
Not invasive
Well differentiated
Low mitotic index
Do not metastasize
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7
Q

Characteristics of a malignant tumor

A 
Grow rapidly
Not encapsulated
Invasive
Poorly differentiated
High mitotic index
Metastasize
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8
Q

Tumors of epithelial origin

A 
Glandular/Ductal
 -Adenomas, adenocarcinomas
Liver
 -Hepatocellular adenoma, carcinoma
Renal
 -Renal tubular/cell adenoma, carcinoma
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9
Q

Tumors of Mesenchymal origin

A 
Osteoma
Chondroma...cartilage
Myoma
Glioma...NS
Lymphoma
Leukemia
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10
Q
  • Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors
  • Have not broken basement membrane or invaded surrounding stroma
  • Applies to solid tumors
A

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

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11
Q

Stages of Carcinogenesis

A

Initiation
Promotion
Conversion (transformation)
Progression

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12
Q

Reversible stages of Carcinogenesis

A

Promotion

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13
Q

Irreversible stages of Carcinogenesis

A

Initiation
Conversion (transformation)
Progression

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14
Q

Six Hallmarks of Carcinogenesis

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals (oncogenes)
  2. Insensitivity to Negative Signals (TSGs)
  3. Evasion of Apoptosis
  4. Limitless Proliferative Capacity
  5. Sustained Angiogenesis
  6. Tumor Invasion and Metastasis
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15
Q

Examples of oncogenes

A

Myc oncogene family
EGFR, HER-2
BCR-ABL

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16
Q

Examples of TSGs

A

p53
Retinoblastoma Gene (RB)
DNA Methylation

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17
Q

Length of the cell cycle

A

Doubling time

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18
Q

Tumor growth curve that describes the relationship between age and expected cell death

A

Gompertzian model

-Approximates tumor cell proliferation

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19
Q

Proportion of actively dividing cells

A

Growth fraction

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20
Q

Genetic damage that results in irreversible cellular mutations

A

Initiation

1st step, change in DNA

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21
Q

Carcinogens or other factors alter the environment to favor growth of the mutated cells over normal cells
Induces tumor development - a clonal population of neoplastic cells develops

A

Promotion

Reversible in early stages

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22
Q

When a mutated cell becomes cancerous

A

Conversion, transformation
variable timeline 5-20 years
irreversible

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23
Q

Final stage of increased cell proliferation and tumor invasion into local tissues and development of distant metastases

A

Progression

irreversible step

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24
Q

adenoma

A

aden means epithelial

oma means benign

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25
Types of tumors that are usually malignant
From mesenchymal origin... Gliomas Lymphomas Leukemias
26
Common oncogene
HER-2 is a normal proto-oncogene It becomes cancerous when it is mutated and becomes an oncogene Another is EGFR
27
Opposite of oncogenes
TSGs
28
50 to 73% of malignancies have this type of mutation
p53 | Removes the checkpoint for repairs and causes mutations
29
Cell aging
senescence | each cell can only divide a limited number of times as the telomeres shorten with each replication
30
Enzyme that elongates telomeres
Telomerase | Prevents senescence and allows for infinite cell doublings
31
Drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor
Bevacizumab, Brand is Avastatin | VEGF inhibitor
32
Which hallmark of carcinogenesis leads to increased amounts and overproduction of normal or abnormal cells?
Self-sufficiency in Growth Signals
33
What does a higher growth fraction mean?
It means that there are more cells that are actively dividing and replicating
34
Size below which a tumor is undetectable
10 to the 9th
35
A tumor is undetectable
most of its life
36
Describe the Gompertzian model
Initially high growth fraction and short doubling time until 10 to 9th. Then slows as it approaches 10 to 12th, which is lethal and because most of nutrients are used up
37
Below 10 to 5th tumor size
Our own immune system can do most of the killing and immunotherapy is of greatest benefit
38
Describes the number of cancer cells, size of tumor, and amount of cancer in the body
Tumor Burden
39
Cell Kill Hypothesis
Amount of cells killed is independent of tumor size. You will never reach 100% kill.
40
Chemo, at best, produces a ___ reduction in tumor burden
3 log reduction
41
ECOG Score... | Fully active, no restriction
Zero
42
ECOG score... | Restricted in physical strenuous activity, but ambulatory and able to carry out light work
1
43
ECOG score... Ambulatory and capable of self-care, but unable to carry out work activities. Up and about more than 50% of waking hours.
2
44
ECOG score... | Capable of only limited self-care, confined to bed more than 50% of waking hours
3
45
ECOG score... | Completely disabled. Cannot carry on any self care. Confined to bed or chair.
4
46
ECOG score... | Death
5
47
Staging of cancer
``` Stage I Localized tumor Stage II and III Local and regional ext of dz Stage IV Presence of distance metastases M is 1 ```
48
TNM staging
Tumor size 1-4 Node 0-3 Metastases 0-1
49
Drugs that affect M phase
Taxanes Paclitaxel, docetaxel Vinca Alkaloids Vinorelbine, vincristine, vinblastine
50
Drugs that affect G2 phase
Topoisomerase inhibitors | Irinotecan, etoposide
51
Drugs that affect S phase
``` Antimetabolites Analogs Purine Analogs 6-MP, fludarabine Pyrimidine Analogs 5-FU, cytarabine FA Analogs MTX ```
52
Drugs that affect G1 phase
Steroids | L-asparaginase
53
Drugs that are Phase Non-Specific
Alkylating Agents Cisplatin, ifosfamide Antitumor Antibiotics Doxorubicin, mitomycin
54
Cells spend the majority of their time in which phase?
S Phase | DNA Synthesis
55
HER-2 is a
Common oncogene
56
Enzyme the prevents scenescence and how?
Telomerase | -prevents the shortening of telomeres
57
Irinotecan | Etoposide
Telomerase inhibitors | Affect G2
58
6-MP, fludarabine
Purine Analogs | Affect S phase
59
5-FU, cytarabine
Pyrimidine Analogs | Affect S phase
60
MTX
Folic Acid Analog | Affects S Phase
61
Steroids affect which phase of the cell cycle?
G 1
62
L-asparaginase affects which phase of the cell cycle?
G-1

Oncology / Organ Transplant (12 decks)

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