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Oncology / Organ Transplant > Intro to Oncology > Flashcards

Intro to Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Top 3 types of cancer occurrences

A

Breast/Prostate
Lung
Colon

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2
Q

Top 3 types of cancer deaths

A

Lung
Breast/Prostate
Colon

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3
Q

Mature cells, resemble the normal cells from which they have arisen

A

Well-differentiated cells

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4
Q

Immature cells, have little resemblance to the tissue of origin

A

Undifferentiated cells

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5
Q

Characteristics of cancer

A

Clonality
Autonomy
Anaplasia

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6
Q

Characteristics of a benign tumor

A 
Grow slowly
Well-defined capsule
Not invasive
Well differentiated
Low mitotic index
Do not metastasize
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7
Q

Characteristics of a malignant tumor

A 
Grow rapidly
Not encapsulated
Invasive
Poorly differentiated
High mitotic index
Metastasize
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8
Q

Tumors of epithelial origin

A 
Glandular/Ductal
 -Adenomas, adenocarcinomas
Liver
 -Hepatocellular adenoma, carcinoma
Renal
 -Renal tubular/cell adenoma, carcinoma
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9
Q

Tumors of Mesenchymal origin

A 
Osteoma
Chondroma...cartilage
Myoma
Glioma...NS
Lymphoma
Leukemia
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10
Q
  • Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors
  • Have not broken basement membrane or invaded surrounding stroma
  • Applies to solid tumors
A

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

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11
Q

Stages of Carcinogenesis

A

Initiation
Promotion
Conversion (transformation)
Progression

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12
Q

Reversible stages of Carcinogenesis

A

Promotion

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13
Q

Irreversible stages of Carcinogenesis

A

Initiation
Conversion (transformation)
Progression

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14
Q

Six Hallmarks of Carcinogenesis

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals (oncogenes)
  2. Insensitivity to Negative Signals (TSGs)
  3. Evasion of Apoptosis
  4. Limitless Proliferative Capacity
  5. Sustained Angiogenesis
  6. Tumor Invasion and Metastasis
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15
Q

Examples of oncogenes

A

Myc oncogene family
EGFR, HER-2
BCR-ABL

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16
Q

Examples of TSGs

A

p53
Retinoblastoma Gene (RB)
DNA Methylation

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17
Q

Length of the cell cycle

A

Doubling time

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18
Q

Tumor growth curve that describes the relationship between age and expected cell death

A

Gompertzian model

-Approximates tumor cell proliferation

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19
Q

Proportion of actively dividing cells

A

Growth fraction

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20
Q

Genetic damage that results in irreversible cellular mutations

A

Initiation

1st step, change in DNA

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21
Q

Carcinogens or other factors alter the environment to favor growth of the mutated cells over normal cells
Induces tumor development - a clonal population of neoplastic cells develops

A

Promotion

Reversible in early stages

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22
Q

When a mutated cell becomes cancerous

A

Conversion, transformation
variable timeline 5-20 years
irreversible

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23
Q

Final stage of increased cell proliferation and tumor invasion into local tissues and development of distant metastases

A

Progression

irreversible step

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24
Q

adenoma

A

aden means epithelial

oma means benign

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25
Q

Types of tumors that are usually malignant

A

From mesenchymal origin…
Gliomas
Lymphomas
Leukemias

26
Q

Common oncogene

A

HER-2 is a normal proto-oncogene
It becomes cancerous when it is mutated and becomes an oncogene
Another is EGFR

27
Q

Opposite of oncogenes

A

TSGs

28
Q

50 to 73% of malignancies have this type of mutation

A

p53

Removes the checkpoint for repairs and causes mutations

29
Q

Cell aging

A

senescence

each cell can only divide a limited number of times as the telomeres shorten with each replication

30
Q

Enzyme that elongates telomeres

A

Telomerase

Prevents senescence and allows for infinite cell doublings

31
Q

Drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor

A

Bevacizumab, Brand is Avastatin

VEGF inhibitor

32
Q

Which hallmark of carcinogenesis leads to increased amounts and overproduction of normal or abnormal cells?

A

Self-sufficiency in Growth Signals

33
Q

What does a higher growth fraction mean?

A

It means that there are more cells that are actively dividing and replicating

34
Q

Size below which a tumor is undetectable

A

10 to the 9th

35
Q

A tumor is undetectable

A

most of its life

36
Q

Describe the Gompertzian model

A

Initially high growth fraction and short doubling time until 10 to 9th. Then slows as it approaches 10 to 12th, which is lethal and because most of nutrients are used up

37
Q

Below 10 to 5th tumor size

A

Our own immune system can do most of the killing and immunotherapy is of greatest benefit

38
Q

Describes the number of cancer cells, size of tumor, and amount of cancer in the body

A

Tumor Burden

39
Q

Cell Kill Hypothesis

A

Amount of cells killed is independent of tumor size. You will never reach 100% kill.

40
Q

Chemo, at best, produces a ___ reduction in tumor burden

A

3 log reduction

41
Q

ECOG Score…

Fully active, no restriction

A

Zero

42
Q

ECOG score…

Restricted in physical strenuous activity, but ambulatory and able to carry out light work

A

1

43
Q

ECOG score…
Ambulatory and capable of self-care, but unable to carry out work activities. Up and about more than 50% of waking hours.

A

2

44
Q

ECOG score…

Capable of only limited self-care, confined to bed more than 50% of waking hours

A

3

45
Q

ECOG score…

Completely disabled. Cannot carry on any self care. Confined to bed or chair.

A

4

46
Q

ECOG score…

Death

A

5

47
Q

Staging of cancer

A 
Stage I
 Localized tumor
Stage II and III
 Local and regional ext of dz
Stage IV
 Presence of distance metastases
 M is 1
48
Q

TNM staging

A

Tumor size 1-4
Node 0-3
Metastases 0-1

49
Q

Drugs that affect M phase

A

Taxanes
Paclitaxel, docetaxel
Vinca Alkaloids
Vinorelbine, vincristine, vinblastine

50
Q

Drugs that affect G2 phase

A

Topoisomerase inhibitors

Irinotecan, etoposide

51
Q

Drugs that affect S phase

A 
Antimetabolites 
 Analogs
      Purine Analogs
          6-MP, fludarabine
      Pyrimidine Analogs
          5-FU, cytarabine
      FA Analogs
          MTX
52
Q

Drugs that affect G1 phase

A

Steroids

L-asparaginase

53
Q

Drugs that are Phase Non-Specific

A

Alkylating Agents
Cisplatin, ifosfamide
Antitumor Antibiotics
Doxorubicin, mitomycin

54
Q

Cells spend the majority of their time in which phase?

A

S Phase

DNA Synthesis

55
Q

HER-2 is a

A

Common oncogene

56
Q

Enzyme the prevents scenescence and how?

A

Telomerase

-prevents the shortening of telomeres

57
Q

Irinotecan

Etoposide

A

Telomerase inhibitors

Affect G2

58
Q

6-MP, fludarabine

A

Purine Analogs

Affect S phase

59
Q

5-FU, cytarabine

A

Pyrimidine Analogs

Affect S phase

60
Q

MTX

A

Folic Acid Analog

Affects S Phase

61
Q

Steroids affect which phase of the cell cycle?

A

G 1

62
Q

L-asparaginase affects which phase of the cell cycle?

A

G-1

Oncology / Organ Transplant (12 decks)

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