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PT2 Neuro 1-5 > Intro to neuro and epilepsy > Flashcards

Intro to neuro and epilepsy Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of ion channels

A
  • set resting membrane potential
  • facilitate depolarization and repolarization
  • regulate intracellular Ca
  • signal transduction
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2
Q

types of ion channel gating mechanisms

A
  • voltage
  • chemical (ie ligand)
  • mechanical
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3
Q

3 properties of ion channels

A
  • they conduct ions
  • ion specific
  • open and close by specific mechanisms
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4
Q

channel that is passively open

A

K

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5
Q

Nernst equation use

A

determines the potential at which driving forces and chemical forces are equal (net current is ZERO)

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6
Q

equilibrium potential

A

when net current for that ion is zero

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7
Q

resting membrane potential value

A

-70

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8
Q

how are Na and K concentration gradients maintained

A

Na/K ATPase

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9
Q

3 rules of ion movement

A
  1. ions only cross through open channels
  2. ions seek their reversal potential
  3. ion movement changes neuron’s membrane potential
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10
Q

things that subunit assembly of ion channels determines

A
  • ionic permeability
  • conductance
  • kinetics
  • pharmacology
  • desensitization
  • voltage sensitivity
  • intracellular regulation
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11
Q

drugs can target channels in specific states to

A

selectively inhibit rapidly depolarizing tissue or resting tissue
more specificity

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12
Q

business end subunit of voltage gated sodium channels

A

alpha

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13
Q

different types of alpha subunits causes…

A

the channels to be specific to the tissue they are in

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14
Q

channel that contributes to resting membrane potential

A

K

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15
Q

channel that generates action potentials

A

Na

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16
Q

channel largely responsible for action potential repolarization

A

K

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17
Q

voltage gated calcium channels are involved in…

A
  • neurotransmitter secretion
  • hormone secretion
  • muscle contraction
  • action potentials
  • gene expression
  • 2nd messenger cascades
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18
Q

receptors responsible for inhibitory postsynaptic potential generation

A

GABA receptors

permeable to Cl

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19
Q

glutamate opens which channels

A

AMPA

NMDA

20
Q

AMPA permeable to

A

Na»>K, sometimes Ca

21
Q

NMDA permeable to

A

Na, K, Ca

22
Q

AMPA and NMDA location

A

postsynaptic cells

23
Q

NMDA receptor ligands

A

needs 2 glutamate and glycine

24
Q

what blocks NMDA receptors and how is it removed

A

Mg ion

as neuron is depolarized via AMPA the Mg is removed

25
Q

to pass BBB molecules must be

A

very lipid soluble or have a transporter

26
Q

role of BBB

A

isolate brain’s extracellular fluid

27
Q

seizure

A

clinical manifestation of an abnormal, hypersynchronus excessive excitation of a population of neurons

28
Q

epilepsy

A

tendency toward recurrent seizures unprovoked by systemic or neurologic insults

29
Q

epileptogenesis

A

sequence of events that converts a normal neuronal network into a hyperexcitable network prone to seizures

30
Q

3 conditions for diagnosing epilepsy (only one needed)

A
  1. at least 2 unprovoked seizures occurring >24h apart
  2. one unprovoked seizure and chance of further seizures at similar risk as general populous after 2 seizures in the next 10 years
  3. diagnosis of epilepsy syndrome
31
Q

comorbidities associated with epilepsy

A

depression
cognitive disabilities
sleep disorders
anxiety

32
Q

interictal

A

in between seizures

33
Q

how to determine between focused and general seizures using EEG

A

focused will have interictal spikes in only one lead or leads close together while general will have spikes in most/all leads

34
Q

focal seizures

A

seizure localized to one area of the brain

35
Q

clinical manifestations of focal seizures

A
  • varies with site of origin, but most have aura associated

- may or may not have impaired consciousness

36
Q

focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures

A
  • assumed to begin as a focal seizure and developing bilaterally
  • variable length and intensity of tonic and clonic phases
  • often postictal confusion/somnolence
37
Q

tonic phase

A

stiffening

38
Q

clonic phase

A

jerking

39
Q

types of generalized seizures

A 
absence
myoclonic
clonic
atonic
tonic
tonic-clonic
40
Q

excitation mechanism of seizure generation

A

too much inward Na and Ca currents due to neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate

41
Q

inhibition mechanism of excitation

A

to little inward Cl and outward K currents; GABA receptors are involved

42
Q

temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE)

A
  • often result of head injuries, tumors, infections, strokes
  • may have long latent period
  • difficult to treat with current therapies
43
Q

neuronal factors that modify neuronal excitability

A
  • ion channel type, #, distribution
  • modification of receptors
  • activation of 2nd messengers
  • gene expression modification
44
Q

extra-neuronal factors that modify neuronal excitability

A
  • changes in extracellular ion concentration
  • remodeling of synapse
  • modulation of transmitter metabolism or reuptake
  • inflammation
45
Q

treatment options for epilepsy

A
  • surgery to remove part of brain
  • brain implant of therapeutic device
  • ketogenic diet
  • antiseizure drugs
46
Q

vagus nerve stimulation is approved for

A
  • partial epilepsy aged 12 and up
  • seizure not helped enough by drugs
  • adults w/ depression not helped by other treatments

PT2 Neuro 1-5 (4 decks)

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