Intro to neuro Flashcards
What makes up the nervous system
CNS and PNS (Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system0
What are the sub divisions of the nervous system?
Nervous system–>
- CNS (Brain and spinal cord)
- Peripheral Nervous system –> Autonomic and Somatic
- Autonomic –> sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic ( rest and digest)
Somatic –> sensor input and motor output
What are the parts of a neuron?
- Dendrites
- Nucleus
- Axons
- Myelin
- Node of Ranvier
- Scwann cells
- Soma
- Axon Terminal
What is a nerve?
An electric cable made from a bundle of axons which connect the cns to sensory receptors, muscles and glands
What are sensory nerves?
They carry messages from the sensory receptors from tissues to the spinal cord and the brain to process. (afferent pathway)
What are motor nerves?
They carry instructions from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands (efferent pathway)
What are Interneurons?
Within the CNS, brain and spinal cord connect and communicate with each other and process information between sensory input and the motor output.
What are post-mortem studies?
Studies done from brains of dead people
What are lesion studies?
Studies done on naturally damaged brains (in humans) or experimentally damaged brains (in animals)
What is gross neuro anatomy?
Parts of brain as a whole
What part is found in the brains of primates but not all mammals?
Neo Cortex ( 6 layers in human and about 3ish in birds and reptiles)
What are the parts of spine?
- Vertebra
- Spinal Cord
- Disk
- Spine Nerves
- Sensory nerves pathway (posterior)
- Sensory Root
- Motor Nerves Pathway (anterior)
- Motor Root
Who is the father of modern neuroscience?
Santiago Ramon y cajal
What was Santiago Ramon y cajal’s theory called?
The Neuron Doctrine : The nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells
Which scientist is the staining and pathology master?
Camillo Golgi
What was Camillo Golgi’s theory about the nervous system?
The Reticular theory: Everything in the brain such as the nervous system is a continuous network
What was Golgi’s Silver staining technique combination to see nervous tissue under light microscopy?
Silver Nitrate + Potassium Dichromate
Which theory was right, The neuron Doctrine or the Reticular Theory?
The neuron doctrine: The nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells (by Santiago Ramon Y Cajal)
What are examples of Staining?
GFP: Green florescent Protein
DAPI (Blue)
Full form of CT scan and the function
Computed Tomography: Takes many (series) X-rays using radiation from different angles to re-create an image
Advantages of CT scan:
-fast and effective (about 10-20 min: useful in strokes)
- Inexpensive compared to other techniques
Disadvantages:
Radiation Exposure
Poor Spatial Resolution
What is MRI’s Full form and how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Theory uses properties of hydrogen atoms to measure the signal released by tissues
Uses and Advantages of MRI:
-location of Lesion
-Identifies Behavioral Symptoms
Better resolution than a CT
-no radiation
Disadvantages of MRI or (aka Structural MRI):
-Expensive
-Time Consuming
-Cannot have metal implants
-Loud (uncomfortable and anxiety-inducing)
What is FMRI:
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Measures the change in the magnetic field due to oxygen levels in the blood (hemodynamic Response)
-Aka BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent)
Advantages of FMRI:
-good spatial resolution
-Non-invasive
-Widely Used
Disadvantages of FMRI:
Low Temporal resolution
Hard to interpret and measure results (noise)
Uses of PET scan and full form:
Positron Emission Tomography: Labels specific proteins and the exact location of them in the brain
Advantages of PET:
-Many different PET tracers
-Can be used in a variety of studies
Disadvantages of PET:
-Expensive
-Invasive
-Limited Spatial Resolution
-limited Temporal Resolution
What is the full form of EEG and its advantages?
Electroencephalography
-electrodes placed on scalp
-looks at different waves
-useful in sleep studies and seizers and epilepsy
-Very high precision (measures every milli-second activity)
What are the disadvantages of using EEG?
-summarizes results from all the neurons
-cannot detect the activity in a single neuron
What are induced models?
Animals are altered in order to create models of disease (damaging a particular area of the brain to mice to mimic the symptoms similar to humans with brain injury.
What are transgenic animals?
Animals that are genetically altered. (genes are either added, deleted to modified) (Involves using genetic technology)
Why is a brain mice useful?
Useful to study disease mechanisms and functional processes
