Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Bio120- lab chapter 1 > Flashcards

Bio120- lab chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are ‘Arthropods’?

A

Arthro: joint, pod: leg

Examples are insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are three main sections of Insects?

A
  1. Head
  2. Thorax
  3. Abdomen

From thorax, there extends three pairs of legs and usually one or two pairs of wings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Over half of the identified species are what?

A

Insects. (Among 1.9 million living organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a trait?

A

It is a characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an adaptation

A

A trait that contributes to fitness by improving an individual’s chances of surviving or reproducing.

An adaptation can be both physical (eg..colour of wings) or behaviour (ex: attraction to certain smells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of Adaptations?

A

Physical and Behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are two ways adaptation word can be used as?

A
  1. An adaptation: As a trait (Ex: bat wing is an adaptation for flight)
  2. To adapt (Verb) : Referring to the evolutionary process through which such (adaptations) arise.

(Ex: Bats acquired wings through adaptation to their environment or bats adapted to their environment by evolving wings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who and in what year, proposed the mechanism for the process of adaptation?

A

In 1859, Charles Darwin, in his book The Origin of Species, proposed the mechanism for the process of Adaptation called ‘Natural Selection’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are new traits and new combinations created in populations according to darwin?

A

According to Darwin,
Mutations (genetic ‘errors’) and recombination (The mixing of genes through sex) are the reasons behind new traits and new combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does new traits and new combinations help? I.e how does mutations (genetic error) and recombination ( Mixing of genes through sex) help?

A

They result in some individuals who possess traits that help them to survive and reproduce better (and have more off springs) than other individuals.

These species are known to have more fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is fitness?

A

It can be measured as the number of offsprings an individual produces relative to other individuals in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does Natural selection result?

A

It results from variation among individuals in the number of surviving offspring they contribute to the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are heritable traits?

A

These are the high-fitness traits that will be present in a greater proportion of individuals in the next generation. They are passed on from parents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Until when is natural selection and inheritance repeated?

A

Until the advantageous trait is present in almost all individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Evolution

A

The change of traits (Repeat of natural selection and inheritance) , the change over generations in the proportion of individuals with a certain trait is called Evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Fitness enhancing trait that has spread through population by natural selection.

17
Q

How do complex adaptations occur?

A

Through many traits combined over many generations.

18
Q

What are three criteria to evolve by natural selection?

A
  1. The trait is heritable
  2. There is a variation between individuals within the population for the trait
  3. Variations in the trait lead to some individuals leaving more offspring in the next generation than others. (Some individuals have higher fitness then others)
19
Q

Do all differences in population the result of natural selection?

A

No

20
Q

What are the reasons for differences in populations apart from natural selection?

A
  1. Genetic Drift: Populations changing randomly by random processes
  2. Gene flow: Influx of migrants from other populations.
21
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

It is evolutionary history and relationships) of the species in question.

22
Q

How is phylogeny useful?

A

Knowledge of phylogeny enables biologists to determine when and what sequence different traits evolve.

23
Q

What do scientists do when they find an interesting trait?

A

They come up with atleast one hypothesis of the trait might increase fitness of individual (or in other words, they come up with a possible function for why the trait might evolve)

Hypothesis is made from some knowledge from the organisms behaviour, organism’s habitat, behaviour and life style.

After the hypothesis is made, the next step is to test it.

24
Q

What are hypotheses on adaptations divided into?

A

they are divided into 2 parts

  1. Viability: Success in survival and acquisition of food)

2.competition for mates.

Some adaptations enhance both.

25
Q

What do you need to confirm a hypotheses

A

An empirical evidence

26
Q

How do you test for a hypotheses

A

Observation or Experiment

27
Q

What is viability selection?

A

Natural selection arising from variation in viability (ex: locomotion, parasite avoidance etc)

28
Q

Name some viable selections:

A
  1. Camouflage: Blue winged grasshopper blending in well with stones and sand.
  2. Life in water: Aquatic insects have bodies and legs specially shaped to facilitate locomotion in their aquatic environment
  3. Feeding: Insects have adapted to particular diets by evolving specialized mouthparts
29
Q

Name some examples of viable selection in feeding

A
  1. Mandibles (Powerful jaws of ants) for biting and tearing
  2. Stylet (Mosquito tubes) for piercing and sucking
  3. Proboscis: long tongue of butterflies
30
Q

What is Sexual Selection?

A

natural selection arising from variable mating success

31
Q

What differences does sexual selection often result in?

A

differences between males and females in secondary sexual characteristics (i.e sexual characteristics other than ovaries and testes.)

32
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Differences between the sexes in the shape or size of the body.

33
Q

What are the two principal mechanism of sexual selection?

A
  1. Intrasexual competition
  2. Mate choice
34
Q

What is Intrasexual competition?

A

In many species, male animals fight for access to females, The male that wins has more offspring.

Ex: Male European earwigs have large projections called forceps which they use in competition with other males.

35
Q

What is mate choice?

A

In many species, females and/or males are choosy. It is said to increase fitness of the chooser by enabling to mate only with healthy individuals.

Attractive individuals produce more offspring, hence animals have adapted to the preferences of the opposite sex by adapting various structures.

36
Q

What is complete metamorphism?

A

Butterflies undergo a series of profound changes in body form, behaviour and lifestyles. This process is known as metamorphism.

37
Q
A

Neuro (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions