Intro to Nervous System and Neuroanatomy Flashcards
dermatomes
areas of the skin that send signals through a specific spinal nerve root
myotomes
muscle groups that receive signals through a specific spinal nerve root
paths of information in spinal nerves (sensory and motor)
sensory info comes into the dorsal part
motor info leaves through the ventral part
cranial nerves
enter and leave on ventral surface of the brain
carry sensory and motor info
eye, tongue, & facial movements
swallowing
vagus nerve
controls organs
longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
cell bodies located in middle areas of the spinal cord
send info to sympathetic ganglia, which acts as a unit
parasympathetic nervous system
rest & digest, no perceived threat
maintenance (digestion, steady heart rate, etc.)
cell bodies located at top and bottom of spinal cord
what makes up the forebrain?
telencephalon: cerebral cortex, basal ganglia (voluntary speech & movement), limbic system olfactory, amygdala, emotion, learning, memory)
diencephalon: thalamus (sensory relay station - send info to thalamus then cortex, sleep-wake cycle), hypothalamus (hormones)
anterior commissure
white matter tract that connects the 2 olfactory tracts
what makes up the midbrain?
mesencephalon: tectum (root of cerebral aqueduct, orientation to sight & sound), tegmentum (floor of cerebral aqueduct, contains midbrain inputs to the basal ganglia & limbic system)
what makes up the hindbrain?
metencephalon (cerebellum - sensory motor & balance, and pons - sleep & arousal) & myelencephalon (medulla - essential life processes heart, respiratory)
glial cells
provide support, structure, and nourishment to neural cells
4 types
astrocytes
structural support for CNS, scar tissue formation, synaptic isolation, transports substances between neurons & capillaries
microglia
immune cells of CNS, similar to macrophages in rest of body, mostly found in grey matter (near cell bodies), drive & reduces inflammation, attacks infections, activates t cells
oligodendrocytes (CNS)
myelin, nodes of ranvier, short stretches of many axons
Schwann cells (PNS)
the myelin of 1 axon
multiple sclerosis
Schwann cells/oligodendrocytes attacked (degenerate)
leads to signals being slowed down
neurons
main communicators: collect, process and integrate, and transmit info to other neurons
3 structural classes
what are the parts of the neuron and their function?
dendrites: collect info
cell body: integrates info
axon: integrates info
axon terminals: transmit info
sensory neurons
collect info from bodily sources
bipolar & monopolar
interneurons (association)
many branches collect from many sources
multipolar
motor neurons
pass the info on to command muscles
soma/cell body
nucleus (contains DNA), organelles, enzymes to synthesize proteins, receptors, neurotransmitters
without cell bodies you would lose the cell
organelles within the cell body
mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes (both used to create neurotransmitters), Golgi complex, microtubules (start in the cell body and extend down the axon)
dendrites
recieve info from other neurons, contain receptors for neurotransmitters, turn chemical signals to electrical signals, branched to receive input from different neurons
dendritic spine
protrudes off dendrites with high concentrations fo receptors
axon
conducts electrical info (charged ions) from soma to axon terminal
can be wrapped In myelin to speed the process
axon terminals
transmit info to other neurons, release neurotransmitters when signal from axon arrives
makes contact with dendrites, axons, somas, & other terminals
lipid bilayer
2 layers of fat molecules that separate the intracellular (cytoplasm) from extracellular (CBF) fluid
proteins (receptors, channels, transporters) span the membrane communicating from the outside of the cell to the inside
