Intro to Brain & Behavior/Nervous System & Anatomy Flashcards
brain’s primary function
to produce behavior: receive info, perception (integrate information to construct a subjective experience of
reality), produce commands (control movement of muscles)
CNS (central nervous system)
brain and spinal cord
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
processes radiating out
beyond the brain and spinal cord
includes somatic, autonomic, and enteric
nervous system is composed of ______ which communicate with _____, ______, ______, & ______.
neurons, one another, sensory receptors on the skin, muscles, internal body organs
cortex/forebrain
Heavily folded outer layer of brain tissue composed of neurons
brainstem
core of brain, responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors
human behaviors consist of ______ and _______ actions
inherited and learned
narrow range of behavior vs complex range of behavior
simple nervous system (ex. sea slug) vs complex nervous system (ex. human)
somatic nervous system
controls conscious awareness/processing of body, voluntary movements, and gathers sensory info
autonomic nervous system
controls unconscious processes (ex. internal organs)
enteric nervous system
controls intestines and stomach (interactions with micro flora in gut)
afferent information
sensory info going to the CNS (incoming info)
*remember SAME acronym
efferent information
leaving CNS, motor functions
*remember SAME acronym
SAME
somatic = afferent, motor = efferent
dorsal vs ventral
up (ex. top of head) vs down (ex. chin)
medial vs lateral
towards middle vs outer side (ex. ears)
anterior (rostral) vs posterior (caudal)
front vs back
proximal vs distal (made for limbs)
closer to core/trunk vs farther from core/trunk
coronal section cut
cut face off. preserves most lateral, medial, dorsal, & ventral
horizontal section cut
cut top off. preserves most anterior, posterior, & lateral
sagittal section cut
cut lengthwise from front to back (down the middle = mid________ cut). preserves most medial, ventral, & dorsal zones
brain is split into __ hemispheres.
every area of the brain has a _______ of
itself in each hemisphere.
cerebral cortex is made up of ___
sets of ____ lobes
2, mirror, 2, 4
sulci (sulcus)
groove in brain matter
fissure
a very deep sulcus
gyri (gyrus)
protrusion formed by folding of cerebral cortex
central sulcus
boundary between frontal lobe & parietal lobe
lateral fissure
boundary between temporal lobe and frontal/parietal lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
boundary between parietal and occipital lobe
precentral gyrus
motor cortex (anterior to central sulcus)
postcentral gyrus
somatosensory cortex (for touch and pain) (posterior to central sulcus)
longitudinal fissure
splits the two cortical hemispheres
ipsilateral
same side
contralateral
opposite side
decussate
crosses the midline
bilateral
both sides
optic chiasm
where visual info decussates
pons
relays signals between the brain and spinal cord, and controls unconscious movements, sleep/wake cycle, sensory-motor stuff
cerebellum
coordinates movement, balance, posture
olfactory bulbs
receive information about smells from the nose and send it to the brain by way of the ________ tracts
calcarine fissure
only seen in midsagittal cut, divides occipital lobe into dorsal and ventral sections
gray matter
areas of nervous system mostly composed of cell bodies & blood cells
for processing
nuclei
collection of cell bodies in the CNS
ganglion
collection of cell bodies in the PNS
axons
go from cell body around the body
covered in fatty substance that looks white
white matter
areas of the nervous system rich in axons
for connections
tract
collection of axons in the CNS
nerve
collection of axons in the PNS
corpus callosum
white matter tracts that connect the two cortical hemispheres
without it, each hemisphere acts like its own brain
4 ventricles
cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
2 lateral, Third, Fourth
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
mostly made of sodium chloride & other salts
Fills subarachnoid space to
cushion the brain
ventricular system is filled with _______ and is lined with _______ that produces it
CSF, choroid plexus
dura mater
“hard mother”
tough outer layer of fibrous tissue
arachnoid layer
like a spider web
thin sheet of delicate connective tisue
pia mater
“soft mother”
moderately tough inner layer that clings to brain surface
1 cell thick
subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM)
seems to filter waste, between arachnoid & pia layers
the meninges
brain protection layers
the circle of Willis
part of the blood system that provides oxygen to the cerebral cortex
4 inputs for blood (2 internal carotids, neck; 2 vertebral arteries, spine)
blood can still get to cerebral cortex if clot is in the circle because of 4 entry points
blood-brain barrier
network of blood vessels & cells that protect the brain from toxins (don’t let things in easily like other capillaries)
not all regions have it (ex. area postrema - detects toxins and causes you to vomit)
