Intro to Nervous System 8.15 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System Components

A

Central NS
– Brain
– Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Components

A
Peripheral NS
– Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
– Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
– Ganglia
– Motor and sensory nerve endings
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3
Q

Ganglia

A

Clumps of cell bodies located outside of the CNS

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4
Q

Afferent NS

A

Afferent (inflowing information, usually sensory)
– Somatic (surface sensation)
– Visceral (organ sensation)

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5
Q

Efferent NS

A
Efferent (outflowing informations, EXITing information)
– Somatic (motor)
– Visceral (Autonomic) 
  • Sympathetic (fight or flight)
  • Parasympathetic (rest-n-digest)
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6
Q

Main parts of the neuron

A

Neurons
– Cell body (soma)
– Dendrites
– Axon

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7
Q

Glia

A

“Glue”, supportive, non-neuronal cells. Also produce CSF, and myelinate axons

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8
Q

Neuron Types

A

– Unipolar (one body at a terminal end, one process, rare in humans)
– Bipolar (body located centrally)
– Pseudounipolar (body located central, as an offshoot)
– Multipolar (multiple dendrites shooting off of body, most common)

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9
Q

White vs Gray Matter

A

White Matter = neuron processes

Gray Matter = neuron cell bodies
– Cortex – Nuclei – Ganglia

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10
Q

Location of w/g matter in brain

A

White is central, gray is exterior

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11
Q

Location of w/g matter in spinal cord

A

White is exterior, gray is interior

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12
Q

Exit path of spinal cord segments

A

The spinal nerve of a given spinal cord segment exits the vertebral canal by passing through an intervertebral foramen.

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13
Q

Numbering of C-spinal nerves

A

Cervical spinal nerves emerge above their corresponding vertebra. The C8 spinal nerve emerges above the T1 vertebra.

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14
Q

Numbering of T/L-spinal nerves

A

Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral spinal nerves emerge below their corresponding vertebra.

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15
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

The caudal end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris) ends at the L1/L2 vertebral level.

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16
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Spinal roots of lower spinal cord segments form the caudal equina.

17
Q

Plexus

A

“Networks” of peripheral nerves
– Cervical
– Brachial
– Lumbosacral

18
Q

N174

A

Know it?

19
Q

Qualities of the Anterior/Ventral Root

A
  • Motor

- Multi-polar neurons

20
Q

Qualities of the Posterior Root

A
  • Sensory

- Pseudo uni-polar neurons

21
Q

N186

A

Know it?

22
Q

White Communicating Ramus

A

connects sp cd to sympathetic chain at levels T1-L2

23
Q

Gray Communicating Ramus

A

connects sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all levels

24
Q

Details (function, loc of neuron cell bodies, path, loc of termination) of Somatic Sensory Pathway (Initial portion)

A

Function: Transmit information regarding pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception to the CNS.
• Neuron cell bodies located in DRG
• Peripheral receptors detect stimulus
• Peripheral and central processes of pseudounipolar sensory neurons transmit information from periphery via spinal nerves and dorsal roots toward CNS.
• Central processes terminate in spinal cord gray matter.

25
Q

Dermatomes

A

the area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

26
Q

Landmark Dermatomes

A
– C6–thumb
– C8 – little finger
– T4 – nipple
– T10 – umbilicus
– L1-L4 – anterior and inner surface of lower limb
– S2, S3, S4 - perineum
27
Q

Details (function, loc of neuron cell bodies, path, loc of termination) of Somatic Motor Pathway (terminal portion)

A
  • Function: Transmit signals from the spinal cord causing involuntary or voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles.
  • Result: reflexive or purposeful movement of the skeleton or regulation of posture
  • Multipolar neuron cell body located in ventral horn of spinal cord
  • Axon projects through ventral root into spinal nerve.
  • Axon terminates in skeletal muscle (target organ) signaling contraction.
28
Q

Details (function, loc of neuron cell bodies, path, loc of termination) of Visceral Sensory Pathway (initial portion)

A

Function: Transmit signals from internal organs (viscera) to the brain.
• Neuron cell body located in DRG
• Peripheral receptor detects stimulus
• Pseudounipolar sensory neuron transmits information from peripheral process in spinal nerve to central process in dorsal root.
• Central process terminates in spinal cord gray matter.

29
Q

Details (function, loc of neuron cell bodies, path, loc of termination) of Visceral Sensory Pathway (terminal portion)

A
  • Function: Transmits signals from the CNS causing involuntary contraction of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or gland secretion.
  • Multipolarneuroncellbodylocatedin interomediolateral column of spinal cord (organized as lateral horn at T1-L2) or within nuclei of brainstem
  • Axonprojectsthroughventralrootintospinal nerve.
  • Neuronsynapseswithasecondneuroninan autonomic ganglion (location can vary).
  • Axon of second neuron terminates in target organ signaling response.
30
Q

Details of nerve tract in sympathetic NS

A

• Thoracolumbar outflow
• Preganglionicneuron cell bodies located within T1-L2 levels of spinal cord in interomediolateral cell column (lateral horn)
Preganglionic neuron exits CNS via ventral roots and enters sympathetic trunk via white communicating ramus

31
Q

Sites of synapse in sympathetic NS

A
• Sympathetic trunk ganglia
– Synapse at level of entry
– Synapse at upper or lower level
– w/o synapse 
– emerge as splanchnic n.
• Prevertebral ganglia 
• Adrenal medulla