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MEDI > intro to micropbiologosoo > Flashcards

intro to micropbiologosoo Flashcards

1
Q

nomenclature is

A

labeling/naming of the groups and the members of organisms

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2
Q

Binomial system

A
  • Genus and species names – should be universal around the globe
  • Both components are either italicised OR underlined
    First letter of genus is always Capitalised
    • Species designation is always lowercase
    • Genus may be abbreviated to first letter i.e. S.aureus after first full use in text
    • Species name is never abbreviated
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3
Q

% of organisms harmless

A

est 87%

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4
Q

what is opportunistic

A

under certain conditions and environment they can be harmful

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5
Q

% of organisms that are opportunistic

A

10%

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6
Q

% of organisms are considered to be overtly pathogenic

A

3%

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7
Q

Normal flora is

A

he microbes that naturally inhabit surfaces of the human body

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8
Q

normal flora occur at sites

A

exposed to, or that communicate with the external environment
e.g. skin, nasal passages, mouth, throat, urogenital tract, intestinal tract
– Blood, tissues, lower respiratory tract are regarded as sterile
– Includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses

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9
Q

where can most normal flora be found

A

large intestine

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10
Q

Robert Hooke (1665)

A

– Wrote first book detailing observations with a microscope
– First person to describe a ‘cell’
potentially plant or skin cell (large one)

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11
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

A

– Developed a microscope with a moveable stage
– First to describe bacteria including their shapes
– Very secretive, knowledge lost for over 100 years

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12
Q

Louis Pasteur (1861)

A

Disproved theory of spontaneous generation (Abiogenesis)
– Discovered pasteurisation (originally used to prevent spoilage of wine)
debunked the idea peps got sick spontaneously

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13
Q

Joseph Lister (1870)

A

Credited with developing antisepsis for surgery

– Experimented with dressings soaked in carbolic acid (used as an antiseptic)

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14
Q

Robert Koch (1883)

A

First to study Anthrax and Tuberculosis (bacteria that cause them)
– Found that microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease
• Koch’s postulates - germ theory of disease
– Contributed to developing staining methods for microbes
- certain microbes cause certain diseases

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15
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis (1847)

A

First to use handwashing in clinical practice
In 1847 in Vienna, he introduced handwashing – reduced obstetrics mortality from 18% to <1%
Physicians continued to refuse to wash hands….came from high society so essentially low society is the problem not them
Hand washing only accepted years later after work by Pasteur, Lister, Koch

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16
Q

Koch’s Postulates (Germ Theory) steps

A
  1. The specific causative agent must be found in every case of an infectious disease
  2. The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture (prove its there)
  3. Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy, susceptible animal must produce the same disease
  4. The disease organism must be recovered from the infected animal

Summary: A specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microbe

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17
Q

3 domains classification of life

A

Eubacteria (same as bacteria)
– Gram positive/negative bacteria
– Cyanobacteria
– obtain energy through photosynthesis

Archaea (specialised single cell organisms that resemble bacteria)
– Methanogens – grow in the absence of O2 and produce methane (CH4)
– Halophiles – grow/live in areas of high salt concentration (>5 times ocean 3.5%, >17%)
– Thermophiles – grow in areas of high temperature (45 ̊C to 122 ̊C)

Eucarya
Protozoa – Algae – Fungi – Plants – Animals

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18
Q

classifications of microorganism

A

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

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19
Q

prokaryotes structure + types

A 
• Archaea • Bacteria
lack a nuclei in cell
No nucleus - DNA unenclosed 
No nuclear membrane
Smaller 0.1 – 10 μm
Complex cell walls e.g. peptidoglycan

capsule - nucleoid - cell wall + membrane - ribo - flag - fimbriae

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20
Q

eukaryotes structure + types

A
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae

DNA inside nucleus surrounded by a Nuclear membrane
cell membrane NB: Not a cell wall
Larger 10 – 100 μm
Animals and Protozoa lack cell walls • Have a cell/plasma membrane contain a nuclei in cell
Plants, algae and fungi = simple cell walls
golgi = nucleus with nucleolus - ER - ribo

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21
Q

Algae

A 
• Eukaryotes
• Photosynthetic (contain chlorophyll like plants)
      – Obtain energy from sunlight
• Produce most of the world’s O2
• Food for water life (phytoplankton) •

Unicellular or multicellular
- Multicellular e.g. large algae - seaweed, kelp - Unicellular - ponds, lakes, oceans e.g. diatoms

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22
Q

Protozoa

A

Single celled Eukaryotes
Most are motile (can move by themselves)
– Psuedopodia, cilia or flagella
Live mostly in water, some in animal hosts & cause disease
e.g. malaria and several that cause diarrhoea

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23
Q

fungi differs from animals and plants and types

A

Differ from plants because fungi do not use photosynthesis to obtain energy
Differ from animals because fungi have a cell wall

Two types:
Moulds
Yeasts

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24
Q

mould

A

fungi
– multicellular
– produce hyphae (filaments)
– reproduce sexually and asexually (spores)

25
Q

yeast

A

fungi
– unicellular, oval or round
– reproduce by budding (asexually)

26
Q

bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotes - single cells
  • Do not have a nuclei
  • Smaller (0.5-2 μm wide x 0.5-5 μm) than eukaryotes (10-100 μm)
  • Most are differentiated by the Gram stain (based on their cell wall structure)
  • Cell walls contain polysaccharide and peptidoglycan
  • Some bacteria do not have a cell wall (only a plasma membrane) e.g. Mycoplasma sp.
27
Q

viruses

A

Very small (10 – 300 nm)
– Only seen with an electron microscope
– First photograph of a virus 1939

Simple (not cellular)
– Nucleic acid (RNA or DNA, not both)
– Surrounded by protein coat (capsid)
– Some have lipid envelope

Lack cellular structure
       – no cell membranes
       – no metabolism
       – can not reproduce independently
       – can only replicate inside a host cell (using host metabolis
28
Q

A virus that infects a bacteria is called

A

bacteriophage

29
Q

gram pos bacteria have + colour

A

• Thick layer of peptidoglycan
• Teichoic acid & lipoteichoic acid
purple

30
Q

gram neg bacteria have + colour

A

• Thin layer of peptidoglycan
• Outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide)
pink

31
Q

gram stain process

A
  • heat fix smear on slide (bacteria are not dead!!!)
  • Crystal violet (30 sec, stains all bacteria)
  • Lugol’s Iodine (30 sec, fixes stain)
  • Alcohol or Acetone (15sec/1sec, decolourisation)
  • Carbol fuchsin – 30sec (Counter stain)

Bacteria are still NOT dead!!!

32
Q

what glycocalyx and its types

A

gelatinous material which coats the surface of some bacteria

capsules
slime

33
Q

capsules is type of and describe it

A 
glycocalyx
• Highly organised
• firmly attached
• protect against phagocytosis
• some bacteria are typed by capsule composition – Haemophilus influenzae B – Hib

actual slime like layer

34
Q

slime is type of and describe it

A 
glycocalyx
• not highly organised
• not firmly attached
• helps bacteria to slide on surfaces 
• protect from drying

hard cover layer

35
Q

fimbriae are

A

spikes lots on bacteria
sticky - hard to rid of
adherence ONLY

36
Q

pili

A

1 or 2 long spike on bacteria
Adherence
Conjugation

37
Q

Polar distributions of bacterial flagella* types and structure

A

monotrichous - one weave
lophotrichous - multi weave one side
amphitrichous - multi weave both sides
peritrichous distribution - weaves all around

Flagella – motility ONLY

38
Q

Endospores are for

A

survival

39
Q

how do bacteria grow and time

A

Reproduce by an asexual process called binary fission
– Single cell splits into two identical daughter cells
– Chromosome duplicates
– Same genetic material in both daughter cells

Generation time – how long it takes to double cell numbers
– Varies with organism:
• 15-20 minutes to 24hours, or longer
– Depends on environmental conditions & location
• in vitro(in laboratory) may be faster
• in vivo( in human body) may be slower

40
Q

Bacterial growth curve phases

A

Lag phase
Exponential phase
Stationary phase
Death or decline phase

Lag - inoculation, bacteria sensing environment, switching on stuff to make use of nutrients, consistent number
Exp - all switch and bacteria starts metabolising,
Stat - death = new orgs increases

41
Q

variables for bacterial growth

A

atmosphere, temperature, pH, nutrients (metabolism), moisture

42
Q

atmospheric types and condictions

A

Obligate aerobe
– Oxygen is essential for growth
– Grow in air (78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.04% CO2)
– Microaerophiles
• Requires low levels of O2 (must have some, 6-16%)

Obligate anaerobes
– Unable to grow in O2 grow
– Will only grow in the complete absence of O2

Facultative anaerobes
– able to grow with or without O2
Carboxyphiles (Capnophiles)
– Grows best with increase concentration of CO2 (2.5 to 5 to10%)

43
Q

Catabolism

A

larger molecules broken into smaller molecules
– Energy released (exergonic)
breaking

44
Q

Anabolism

A

larger molecules from smaller molecules
– Requires energy (endergonic)
creating

45
Q

oxidation

A

electron(s) loss

46
Q

Reduction

A

electron(s) gain

47
Q

Respiration produces how many ATP + oxygen reqs

A

lots of ATP and CO2 and H2O

oxy required

48
Q

Fermentation produces how many ATP also oxygen requirements

A

produces low ATP

complete absence of oxy

49
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship where both members benefit e.g. Gut flora including E. coli and Bifidobacterium sp.

50
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship where one member benefits without affecting the other

51
Q

Parasitism (amensalism or antagonism)

A

Relationship where one member benefits while the

other is harmed e.g. pin worm, malaria, lice (pubic and head), syphilis, gonorrhoea

52
Q

stages of infectious disease

A

Incubation period
– Colonisation (must overcome host defenses)
Pathogens assisted by their virulence mechanisms
– No symptoms

Prodromal phase
– Mild symptoms, increasing numbers

Invasive phase
– Identifiable disease
– Dramatic increase in microbes (may continue to death)

Decline phase
– Reduction of microbes (immune response and/or treatment)
– Declining symptoms

Convalescence (recovery)

53
Q

what virulence factors

A

Traits that collectively give the microbe the ability to cause disease

54
Q

virulence types and what gram

A

Endotoxins

    - gram Negative cell wall with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
    - Protein exotoxin is synthesized in and secreted by living bacterial cell

Exotoxins

  - predominantly Gram Pos organisms 
  - Cell dies
  - Cell wall breaks up
55
Q

hemolysins types and look

A

alpha - dark yellow green
beta - yellow glow
gamma - light white glitter

56
Q

Biofilms are found throughout nature on… and composed of…

A

wet surfaces
Composed of a complex mixture of microbes, cell debris and extracellular matrix
they sticky
Resistant to chemical treatment
Control of biofilms - Physical removal most effective
e.g plaque dental

57
Q

Selective media

A

Selective media only allow certain bacteria to grow while inhibiting others

58
Q

Differential media

A

Differential media contain substances that will allow different bacteria to be distinguished from each other

MEDI (7 decks)

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