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Human Bio > Intro To Microbiology > Flashcards

Intro To Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organisms that are Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

Organisms that are Eukaryotes

A

fungi , algae , Protozoa

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3
Q

Difference between prokaryote & eukaryote cells

A

Prokaryote cells do not have an organised , recognisable nucleus

Prokaryotes are single celled
Eukaryotes are multicellular

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4
Q

How do cells multiply?

A

Binary fission

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5
Q

In the micro-organism name “ Escherichia coli “ , which is the genus name & which is the species name

E.coli

A

Genus = Escherichia
Species = coli

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6
Q

Unit of measure that is used for bacteria

A

Micrometer

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7
Q

Unit of measure used for Viruses

A

Nanometer

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8
Q

Group that requires the most powerful microscope to see them

A

Viruses ( 15-300 nm )

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9
Q

Define microflora

A

Important bacteria that are always present in/on the human body ; help keep the immune system active , prevents disease causing bacteria from developing

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10
Q

Eubacteria “ true bacteria “

A

Cause diseases in humans , single celled organisms

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11
Q

Most distinguishing features of the bacteria are :

A

Prokaryote
DNA is in a single continuous loop
No membrane bound organelles
Divide by binary fission

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12
Q

State one main function for the bacterial structure; Capsule

A

Protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis

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13
Q

State one main function for the bacterial structure; Cell wall

A

Offers protection from environmental factors such as osmotic pressure

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14
Q

State one main function for the bacterial structure; Chromosome

A

Contains all the genetic information for the cells metabolism & reproduction

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15
Q

State one main function for the bacterial structure; Flagellum

A

Helps bacteria to move towards a favourable environment & away from an unfavourable environment

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16
Q

State one main function for the bacterial structure; Endospore

A

Specialised “ resting cells “ Dormant. Not reproductive structures

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17
Q

Characteristics of Diplococci

A

Diplo = two
Cocci = round

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18
Q

Characteristics of staphylococci

A

Staphylo = cluster
Cocci = round

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19
Q

Microorganisms that can cause human infections are called ————

A

Pathogens

20
Q

Temperature and pH that all bacteria inhabiting the human body are adapted to living at

A

37 degrees Celsius , pH of 7

21
Q

Define opportunists

A

Microbial flora that are potentially harmful

22
Q

Example of a pathogenic bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus

23
Q

Example of a opportunistic bacteria

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

24
Q

Difference between superficial bacterial infections & systemic bacterial infections

A

Superficial infections occur on the outer layers of the body ; skin and mucous membranes

Systemic infections affect tissues and organs deep within the body ; blood

25
Q

Define commensalism

A

Relationship between two species , where one species obtains benefits from the other without harm.
( bird making a nest in a tree )

26
Q

Define probiotic

A

Live bacteria from a substance that has been stimulated to grow microorganisms

27
Q

Staining method used to identify species

A

Gram stain test

28
Q

Fungi have prokaryote/eukaryote cells

A

Eukaryote cells

29
Q

Fungi optimal temperature range for growth

A

20-35 degrees Celsius

30
Q

pH for fungi growth

A

5.0 or lower

31
Q

Two forms of fungi

A

Yeasts , moulds

32
Q

Fungal infections are known as ———

A

Mycoses ( singular mycosis )

33
Q

Two examples of superficial fungal mycoses

A

Tinea , Athletes foot

34
Q

An example of systemic fungal mycoses

A

Histoplasmosis

35
Q

Protozoa are eukaryotes/prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

36
Q

List four protozoan diseases that occur in humans

A

Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Amoebic dysentery, Diarrhea

37
Q

Why are viruses acellular microbes

A

These microbes have no cell structure. Acellular= without a cell

38
Q

Viruses can only replicate with the aid of a host cell
True or False

A

True. Viruses use the enzymes, chemical processes and machinery of the host cell. For this reason, they are known as “ obligate intracellular parasites

39
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A

DNA or RNA are present ( not at the same time)
A capsid surrounds the nucleic acid

40
Q

Most common virus shapes

A

Helical, Polyhedral, Complex

41
Q

5 steps of virus replication

A

Attachment, entry of virus, Replication of viral nucleic acid, Assembly of new virus particles
Release of virus particles from host cell

42
Q

Preventative measures to avoid transmission of viral infections

A

Vaccination, Sanitation

43
Q

Some bacterial cells contain a separate DNA that is not part of the chromosome. This is known as ———–

A

A plasmid

44
Q

Heat resistant structure

A

Endospore

45
Q

A bacteria that can survive and grow in an environment with no oxygen and in temperatures less than 15 degrees C can be described as:

A

An obligate anerobic psychrophile

46
Q
A

Human Bio (10 decks)

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