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Block 6 Week 5 Colt > Intro to Medical Mycology - Kozel > Flashcards

Intro to Medical Mycology - Kozel Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Mammals are intrinsically resistant to fungus infections

A

true

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2
Q

What mechanism makes mammals resistant to fungus?

A

Body temp: every 1C above 30C excludes 6% of fungal species

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3
Q

What caused the emergence of fungal pathogens in 50?

A

introduction of abx’s, HIV, and immunosuppressive therapies

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4
Q

There is a (high/low) probability that we will see new fungal pathogens in the future

A

high

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5
Q

What strerol is present in fungal cell walls?

A

ergosterol

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6
Q

What are the two types of glucan bonds in the fungal cell wall?

A

B1-3 glucan and B1-6 glucan

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7
Q

What is the type of mannan found in fungal cell walls?

A

saccharomycetes

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8
Q

What is the type of galactomannan found in the fungal cell wall?

A

Euascomycetes

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9
Q

Where is the chitin found in the fungal cell wall?

A

right against the plasma membrane

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10
Q

Where are the mannoproteins found in the cell wall?

A

on the external edge

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11
Q

In what direction do the B 1-3 glucans go?

A

From the plasma membrane up to the surface of the wall

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12
Q

In what direction do the B1-6 glucans go?

A

laterally across the surface of the membrane

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13
Q

How does yeast reproduce?`

A

vegetatively or by budding or by fission

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14
Q

is yeast single or multicellular?

A

single

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15
Q

(blank) is a String of budding cells marked by constrictions rather than septa at the junctions

A

pseudohyphae

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16
Q

(blank) are multicellular structures that elongate at tips by apical extension

A

hyphae

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17
Q

Describe coenocytic hyphae?

A

hollow, multinucleate hyphae

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18
Q

Septate hyphae are divided by (blank)

A

partitions or cross-walls

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19
Q

Conidia are asexual reproductive elements (spores) produced by budding at the (blank or blank) of a hypha

A

tip or side

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20
Q

What asexual reproductive element is produced by fragmentation of hyphae?

A

Arthroconidia

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21
Q

Which asexual spores are produced inside a containing sack-like structure (sporangium)

A

Sporangiospores

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22
Q 
Describe the following terms regarding sporangiospores:
sporangiospores
sporangium
columella
sporangiophore
Aseptate hyphae
Rhizoides
A

DANDELION
Sporangiospores are the individual seeds inside the poofy part
Sporangium is the whole big white poofy part
Columella is the bulb where the seeds attach
Sporangiophore is the stem
Aseptate hyphae are lateral stems
Rhizoides are the roots

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23
Q

Coccidioides immitis presents as Arthrocondia, which means it looks like:

A

square, JOINTED bamboo rods

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24
Q

Aspergillus presents as conidia, which means it looks like;

A

A peacock feather

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25
Q

Conidia of penicillium is a little different in that it looks like:

A

more like a fan than a feather

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26
Q

What genera are in the group Mucormycetes? Only 2

A

Rhizopus and Mucor

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27
Q

Describe the morph of Mucormycetes?

A

Broad, thin-walled hyphae with multiple nuclei (coenocytic); septae are rare; sporangiospores

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28
Q

Cryptococcus
Malassezia
Trichosporon
belong to what group?

A

Badiomycetes

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29
Q

What is the morph of:
Cryptococcus
Malassezia
Trichosporon

A

Budding yeasts, septate hyphae with clamp connections and arthroconidia

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30
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii has what morph?

A

Trophic forms and cystlike structures

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31
Q

What is the only genera within the saccharomycetes group?

A

Candida saccharomycetes

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32
Q

What is the morph of candida saccharomycetes?

A

Budding yeasts and hyphae, pseudohyphae

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33
Q 
Dermatophytes
Blastomyces
Histoplasma
Aspergillus
Coccidioides
belong to what group?
A

Euascomycetes

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34
Q 
Describe the morph of:
Dermatophytes
Blastomyces
Histoplasma
Aspergillus
Coccidioides
A

Budding yeasts, septate hyphae, asexual conidia on specialized structures, and arthroconicia

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35
Q

What is the gold standard for yeast Dx?

A

culture

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36
Q

How long does it take to culture yeast?

A

FOR FUCKING EVER; days to weeks

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37
Q

What does culturing yeast allow you to do?

A

sensitivity testing

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38
Q

T/F: yeast cultures will be neg for a disseminated disease

A

true

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39
Q

What do you use to digest the tissue for direct scrapings of fungal samples for microscope?

A

KOH

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40
Q

A negative stain of CSF under direct microscopy is used to view (blank)

A

encapsulated cryptococci

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41
Q

What are all of the methods of diagnosing fungal infection?

A
  1. Culture
  2. Direct microscopy
  3. Histopath
  4. Serology
  5. Moleuclar methods (PCR)
  6. Ag detection
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42
Q

T/F: fungal PCR is FDA approved for Dx

A

false; no FDA cleared molecular methods!

43
Q

Detection of Abs to fungus for Dx is most useful for what two bugs?

A

coccidiodomycosis and hhistoplasmosis

44
Q

Antigen detection is good at picking up CrAg which is shed by:

A

cryptococcosis

45
Q

Beta glucan detection detects the glucan in the cell wall and has (blank) sensitivity and specificity

A

variable

46
Q

Galactomannan is FDA cleared for the Ag detection Dx of (blank)

A

Aspergillus

47
Q

What three other bugs can you detect via galactomannan besides Aspergillosis?

A

Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis

48
Q 
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Penicilliosis
Are (blank) mycoses
A

endemic

49
Q 
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Mucormycosis
Pneumocystosis
are (blank) mycoses
A

Opportunisic

50
Q

Differentiate between superficial, cutaneous, and subcutaneous mycoses

A

superficial: superficial surfaces of hair and skin
cutaneous: infects keratinized layers of hair, skin, and nails
subcutaneous: infects deep layers of skin, cornea, muscle, and connective tissue

51
Q 
Pityriasis versicolor – Malassezia furfur
Tinea nigra – Hortae werneckii
Black piedra – Piedraia hortae
White piedra – Trichosporon spp.
(are superficial/Q/subQ)
A

superficial

52
Q

Dermatophytoses – infections of skin
Tinea unguium – infections of toes
Onychomycosis – infections of nails
(are superficial/Q/subQ)

A

cutaneous

53
Q

Hyaline molds – Acremonium spp., Fusarium spp.
Pigmented fungi – Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp, Exophila spp.
causing Abscess formation, nonhealing ulcers, draining sinus tracts
(are superficial/Q/subQ)

A

subQ

54
Q

T/F: superficial mycoses do not cause tissue damage

A

true

55
Q

What causes the pathology in the cutaneous mycoses?

A

the host response

56
Q

Microsporum spp.
Trichophyton spp.
Epidermophyton floccosum
are causative agents of what type of mycoses?

A

cutaneous

57
Q

Do subcutaneous mycoses become disseminated?

A

nope

58
Q

saprobic and parasitic phases make up (blank)

A

dimorphism

59
Q

WHat bug is endemic to the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys?

A

Blastomyces dermatidis

60
Q

Describe the histo of blastomyces in the tissue and saprobic phases??

A

tissue: broad based yeast
saprobic: nondescript mycelium

61
Q

What does blastomyces dermatidis cause?

A

Pulmonary disease, strangely enough

Also extrapulmn in the skin, GU, and CNS

62
Q

What fungus has the following characteristics:
Tissue – intracellular budding budding yeast
Saprobic phase – tuberculate macroconidia

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

63
Q

In what environment (not location) normally find histoplasma capsulatum?

A

soil with with high nitrogen content–BIRD AND BAT DROPPINGS

64
Q

Where in the world do you find histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Ohio and MIssissippi river valleys, Mexico, Central/South America

65
Q

T/F: most cases of histoplasma are asymptomatic in the actue phase

A

true

66
Q

What are the three phases of histoplasma infection?

A
  1. actue pulmonary
  2. chronic pulmonary
  3. progressive disseminated
67
Q

What fungus has the following charactersitics:
Tissue – Endosporulating spherule
Saprobic phase – arthroconidia

A

Coccidioides immitis/posadasii

68
Q

Where in the world do you find coccidioides?

A

Southwestern US, Mexico, Central and South America

69
Q

T/F: Coccidioides and histoplamsa have the same clinical appearance

A

true

70
Q

What fungus has the following charactersitics:
Tissue – sausage-shaped yeast
Saprobic phase – pigmented mold

A

Penicillium marneffei

71
Q

Where do you find penicillium ecologically?

A

soil, carried by the bamboo rat

72
Q

Where in the world do you find penicillium?

A

SE Asia, think about the bamboo rat!

73
Q

Disseminated penicillium infection is seen more often in immunocompromised pts with (blank)

A

AIDS

74
Q

What fungus has the following charactersitics:
Tissue – large, multiply budding yeast
Saprobic phase - nondescript mold

A

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

75
Q

Where in the world do you find paracoccidioides?

A

South and Central America

76
Q

T/F: Paracoccidioides can cause both self limiting and progressive pulmonary disease

A

true

77
Q

In what age group is paracoccidioides more common?

A

children

78
Q

T/F: Aspergillus is ubiquitous in air, soil, and decaying matter

A

true

79
Q

How do you contract Aspergillus?

A

inhalation of spores

80
Q

Describe the appearance of Aspergillus?

A

septate, branching hyphae in tissue

81
Q

What are some of the disease caused by aspergillus?

A

Allergic reactions
Obstructive paranasal or bronchial
Invasive pulmonary and disseminated

82
Q

A neutropenic or immunodeficient pt (solid organ transplant or bone marrow) with Aspergillus will develop (blank)

A

invasive pulmonary and disseminated disease

83
Q

What bug has Yeast-like forms with buds, pseudo-hyphae and germ tubes and is NORMAL FLORA of humans?

A

Candida

84
Q

The AIDS related candida infection is what?

A

Esophagitis

85
Q

What is thrush?

A

oropharyngeal infection of candida

86
Q

T/F: you can have candida in the blood

A

true

87
Q

What is a lady’s yeast infection?

A

candida

88
Q

What bug is an encapsulated yeast that is a ubiquitous saprophyte found in pigeons and trees

A

cryptococcus neoformans

89
Q

What are the two species of cryptococcus?

A

Neoformans and gattii

90
Q

How do you diagnose C. neoformans?

A

immunoassay for capsular ag

91
Q

What are the really scary things that cryptococcus causes?

A

cryptococcal meningitis

“ “ pulmonary disease

92
Q

What pt group often gets cryptococcal infections?

A

AIDS pts

93
Q

What bug is aseptate (coenocytic) hyphae, ubiquitous in soil and decaying vegetation, and is transmitted by inhalation of spores and causes Rhinocerebral disease unique to diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Mucormycosis–both Mucor and Rhizopus

94
Q

What does Mucor do to your blood vessels?

A

it is ANGIOINVASIVE

95
Q

What very specific groups of patients are at risk of Mucor infections (think diabetics KA)

A

metabolic acidosis and hematologic malignancy

96
Q

T/F: pneumocystis jerovecii has only an asexual life cycle

A

false; sexual and asexual

97
Q

What are the three forms of pneumocystis j?

A

tropic, sporocyst and cyst

98
Q

What form of pneumocyst are seen as empty, collapsed balls?

A

cysts

99
Q

What is the reservoir for pneumocystis?

A

humans

100
Q

T/f: humans have a naturally high resistance to pneumocystis

A

true

101
Q

T/F: despite high resistance, most normal people are naturally infected with pneumocystis

A

true

102
Q

What histologically named disease does pneumocystis cause?

A

interstitial plasma cell pneumonitis

103
Q

What two groups of pts are at high risk for pneumocystis?

A

AIDS and kids

Block 6 Week 5 Colt (3 decks)

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