Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Language Development > Intro to Language Development > Flashcards

Intro to Language Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are four characteristic of language

A

System of symbols
Shared
Conventional
Tool for human communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Code

A

Translation of one type of information into another

ex: “happy” feeling->language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Referent

A

The aspect of the world to which the word refers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is the relationship between a word and it’s referent arbitrary?

A

Yes- but code for words in sentences is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Language community

A

Group using a common language.

First emerged in community of around 100 as a grooming bx to share social information- all language emerged from this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why do language communities form?

A

Geographical (Ukraine)
Sociological (Hebrew)
Economical (WTO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Language is conventional means…

A

It is specific, systematic, and rule governed to make it non random. Rules phrase, sentence, word structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Communication

A

Process of sharing information among two or more persons (thoughts, feelings, ideas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Can humans reason without language?

A

No. Language is 1st for cognition, 2nd for communication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Modularity

A

Cognitive science theory about how the human mind is organized within structures of the brain. Asks whether brain is a generalized module where all parts work together to process information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Module

A

Region of brain that responds to information of a specific type- are domain specific to process restricted information (ie depth perception in the visual system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some examples of domain specific areas of brain?

A

Frontal lobe- grammar

SLI- verb tense impaired only- must be one part of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are language, speech and communication synonymous?

A

No, language can be kept to self, or written. Speech can be said to no one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Speech

4 Systems

A

Neuromuscular voluntary bx that allows humans to express language and is necessary for communication
Involves respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Respiration

A

Breathe in and out of lungs to travel up trachea or windpipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phonation

A

Air moves through vocal chords- set into vibration to create voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Resonation

A

Proceeds to oral/nasal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Articulation

A

Air is manipulated by tongue, teeth, and jaw to form speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do we use speech?

A

Can communicate in dark, far distances, with hands occupied. It is a medium to share language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound that signals a difference in meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Does language depend on speech?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is locked in syndrome?

A

Intact cognition with no voluntary movement- lang without speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hearing

A

Sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the human brain. AKA audition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Acoustics

4 events

A 
The study of sound
Creation of sound source- sets off vibrations 
Vibration of air particles
Reception by the ear
Comprehension by the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pitch or freq.

A

How fast air particles move back and forth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Intensity

A

How far apart particles move when they move back and forth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reception by Ear

A

Outer ear captures sound
Middle ear forwards info
Inner ear w/ cochlea
Travels up auditory nerve to auditory regions of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Speech Perception

A

How the brain processes language- not auditory perception ie clap or fan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do infants learn to process speech?

A

Born with processing mechanisms that calibrate to reflect their language. Aided by auditory overshadowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Auditory overshadowing

A

Bias toward audio over visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Coarticulation

A

Overlap of phonemes in production of strings of sounds- ie coffee is k-a-f-e one word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Communication’s 4 Processes

A

Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Formulation

A

Process of pulling together thoughts or ideas for sharing with another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Transmission

A

Process of conveying ideas to another person

36
Q

Reception

A

Process of receiving information from another

37
Q

Comprehension

A

Process of making sense of a message

38
Q

Symbolic communication/Referent communication

A

Arbitrary relationship between entity and it’s referent

ex: bottle means I want a drink

39
Q

Preintentional Communication

A

Relationship between communicative bx and it’s referent is assumed by others
ex- crying= bottle

40
Q

Intentional Communication/Iconic

A

Transparent/ not arbitrary relationship between message and it’s referent
ex- pointing to bottle

41
Q

What are the three basic purposes of communication?

A

Request
Reject
Comment

All can be done without language

42
Q

What are language’s essential components?

A

Sender
Receiver
Symbolic system

43
Q

Feedback

A

Info provided by receiver to sender

44
Q

Linguistic feedback

A

Spoken feedback

45
Q

Extralinguistic feedback

A

Expression, posture, proximity, etc.

46
Q

Paralinguistic Feedback

A

Pitch, loudness, pausing

47
Q

What prevents communication breakdowns?

A

Feedback

48
Q

What are the major domains of language?

A

Content
Form
Use

49
Q

Content

A

Words we use and the meaning behind them

50
Q

Lexicon

A

Vocabulary system

51
Q

Contextualized language

A

Language that focuses on immediate context

ex: during a race “I won”

52
Q

Decontextualized Language

A

Little reliance on context for relaying content

ex- phone call

53
Q

Form

A

Sentence structure, phrase and clause usage, noun structures, word prefixes and suffixes and organization into words

54
Q

Use

A

Draw upon language for needs- the intention behind utterance and how well it is achieved.

55
Q

Analysis of use requires…

A

Understanding of context where language is occuring

56
Q

Phonology

A

Governs sounds we use to make syllables and words. Form.

57
Q

How many phonemes in English language

A

39- 15 vowels, 24 consonants

58
Q

Allophones

A

Subtle variations of phonemes that occur due to contextual influences on how we produce phonemes in different words

59
Q

Phonatics

A

Rules governing how sounds are organized in words for each language

60
Q

Morphology

A

Govern internal organization of words- adds precision to language and expands vocabulary exponentially. Form

61
Q

Syntax

A

Governs internal organization of sentences (Structure of utterances)
Form

62
Q

Semantics

A

Govern meaning of individual words/word combinations- considers meaning of words and phrases
ex- gay has two meanings
Content

63
Q

Pragmatics

A

Governs how language is used for social purposes- Language used for different functions and intentions
ex- don’t stand too close, take turns in conversation

64
Q

Remarkable Features of Language

A 
Rate of Acquisition
Universality
Species-Specificity
Semanticity
Productivity
65
Q

Rate of Acquisition

A

1st 5-7 yrs are critical period for language- it is the window of opportunity for language to be learned rapidly and with greatest ease. Similar to songbird acquiring songs

66
Q

Universality

A

All persons apply same cognitive infrastructure to task of learning language- how it is learned and milestone times invariant across world

67
Q

Species Specificity

A

Human capacity/ No other animals have language

Non human communication is iconic, no combination of symbols

68
Q

Semanticity

A

Decontextualized events
No boundaries of time or space
Arbitrary relationship between referent and language that describes it
ex- clock is known without picture

69
Q

Productivity

A

Combination of small number of discrete units into infinite creations
Can produce endless ideas and constructions
Inherent to language in earliest acquisition

70
Q

What are language differences and disorders?

A

Invariant path of language development

71
Q

What are differences in language development caused by?

A

Gender, temperament, language learning environment, genetic predisposition, dialect, bilingualism

72
Q

What are Disorders caused by?

A

Genetic predispositions, developmental disability, injury and illness

73
Q

Milestones

A

Communication with words at 12 months
2 words 18 months
Adult like grammar by puberty

74
Q

Influences: Dialect

A

Natural variation of language that evolves within cultural or geographic boundaries

75
Q

Influences- Bilingualism

A

2 or more languages

Code switching- interchanges between syntax and vocabulary of languages being learned

76
Q

Simultaneous vs Sequential Bilingualism

A

Simultaneous: @ same time
Sequential: add @ later time

77
Q

Influences- Gender

A

Girls have advantage over boys:
Talk earlier
Develop vocab faster in second year
Boys have a greater chance of language impairment
Difference due to biology & environment- twin studies

78
Q

Influences- Environment

A

Exerts influence on development. Neural architecture calibrated based on environmental input- form, content, and use exposed to.

79
Q

Caregiver Responsiveness

A

Promptness, contingency, appropriateness of response to words or other means. Quality=Quantity

80
Q

What are some traits of disorders?

A

Difficulties developing language
Milestones achieved slower
Longstanding difficulties with form/content/use

81
Q

Specific Language Impairment

A

Depressed abilities without other impairment
7-10 percent of children affected
Most common for children
Most frequent cause for early intervention & special ed
Heritable

82
Q

Developmental Disability

A 
LI occurs with disability often
Is a 2ndary disorder: 2nd to primary cause
Intellectual disability
ASD/Autism/Asp/PDD
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
83
Q

Brain Injury

A

In utero
Perinatally
TBI- physical trauma, blunt to head, abuse, accident, falling, poison, car accident

84
Q

Diffuse brain injury

A

Affecting large areas of brain

85
Q

Focal

A

Affecting one specific brain region

86
Q

Language

A

System of conventional spoken or written symbols used by people in a shared culture to communicate with one another

Language Development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions