Intro to Lab

Question 1

purpose of testing

Answer 1

Diagnosis, Screening, Management

Question 2

CXR

Answer 2

chest xray - uses radiation to detect changes in density of tissues
- PA and LAT views to identify lung pathology

Question 3

KUB

Answer 3

abdomen xray - identify kidney, ureter, bladder pathology

Question 4

myelogram

Answer 4

xray using radioactive dye to detect spacial changes

Question 5

IVP

Answer 5

intravenous pyelogram - myelogram to view the kidneys, ureters, bladder and detect blockages

Question 6

Spinal myelogram

Answer 6

looking for spacial changes in spinal canal

Question 7

CT scan

Answer 7

computer tomography - an Xray of body tissues that rpoduces slices of cross section - used to evaluate large areas like back, abdomen chest and head
- can be done with (kidney function) or without contrast

Question 8

MRI

Answer 8

magnetic resonance imaging - uses magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to produce computerized slice pictures of soft tissues

Question 9

C&S

Answer 9

cultures and sensitivities - growht of an organism from a body fluid to identify an organism causing pathology and to identify best course of therapy

Question 10

echocardiogram

Answer 10

used to study the valves, size and function of the heart

Question 11

doppler studies

Answer 11

• uses sound waves and sonar to detect abnormal blood flow in arteries/veins

Question 12

angiograms/venograms

Answer 12

use a dye to detect blockages (emboli, strictures, aneurysms) in arteries and veins - these are xray pictures

Question 13

VQ scan

Answer 13

• ventilation perfusion scan - a nuclear scan that studies both the airflow (ventilation) and Blood Flow (perfusion) in the lungs

Question 14

ERCP

Answer 14

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) -uses x-ray and endocscopy to detect tumors, and other blockages in the liver, GB, Bile ducts and pancreas.

Question 15

PTCA

Answer 15

Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTCA)- using a dye and x-rays to detect blockages in the liver and bile ducts

Question 16

DEXA

Answer 16

DEXA – Dual Energy x-ray Absorptiometry- measures bone density and also used to monitor treatment for osteoporosis/osteopenia

Question 17

CBC

Answer 17

complete blood count

Left: WBC, Right: Pit, Top: Hbg, Bottom:: hematocrit

Question 18

Hgb

Answer 18

Hemoglobin (F12-16, M14-18gr/dL), finger/heel stick avail.
Increased in dehydration, burns , vomiting, polycythemia, extreme physical exercise
Decreased in all anemias, hypothyroidism, B12 and folate def., chronic disease.

Question 19

Hct

Answer 19

Hematocrit (F37-47, M40-54%)
Increased: high altitudes, smokers, tumors( kidney and liver),polycythemia vera, heart disease.
Decreased: anemias (iron, folate or B12 def) acute or chronic blood loss, hemolysis, dilutional, alcohol, drugs.

Question 20

BUN

Answer 20

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN 7-20 mg/dL)

Increased in Renal failure, GI Bleed,

Question 21

Creatinine

Answer 21

Creatinine (.7-1.3 mg/dL )

Increased in Renal Failure, loss of muscle mas`

Question 22

BUN:Cr

Answer 22

ratio is 10-20:1, The ratio is used to identify source of dysfunction when the values are not in the normal range.

Question 23

BUN:Cr is >20:1

Answer 23

BUN reabsorption is increased - BUN is disproportionally elevated - dehydration suspected

Question 24

BUN:Cr <10:1

Answer 24

Renal damage causes reduced reabsorptin of BUN

Question 25

Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 25

Accurate measure of the average blood sugar over the average life of a circulating erythrocyte, approx. 6 weeks. Now used to diagnose and monitor diabetes control.

Question 26

C-reactive protein

Answer 26

C-reactive Protein – (normal value- zero) An acute phase reactant with a short half life, rises rapidly within 4-6 hours of the onset of inflammation or tissue injury, and declines relatively rapidly with resolution , correlates with older very non specific test called Sedimentation rate (ESR).

Question 27

Liver profile

Answer 27

AST>ALT = alcoholic hepatitis
ALT>AST = viral hepatitis