intro to immunology (W10)

Question 1

immune system organs?

Answer 1

lymph nodes
spleen
bone marrow
thymus

Question 2

immune system molecules + descriptions

Answer 2

complement - system of soluble serum proteins
cytokines - immune messenger hormones (chemokines - specialise in cell movement)
antibodies

Question 3

categories of immune system cells

Answer 3

leukocytes (all immune cells):
-innate cells
-adaptive cells

Question 4

types of innate leucocytes?

Answer 4

macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

Question 5

types of adaptive leucocytes?

Answer 5

T cells
B cells
lymphocytes

Question 6

primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 6

bone marrow
thymus (T-cells)

Question 7

where does the thoracic duct drain

Answer 7

subclavian vein

Question 8

what are lymph nodes

Answer 8

highly organised accumulations of immune cells at lymphatic junctions

Question 9

cytokines that are released from virally-infected cells

Answer 9

IFN-alpha
IFN-beta
(IFN = interferon)

Question 10

what does the release of IFN-alpha/beta cause in neighbouring cells

Answer 10

neighbouring cells also releases IFN-alpha and beta.
upregulates antigen presentation
downregulation of intracellular machinery important for viral replication

Question 11

what does upregulation of antigen presentation mean and why does this occur?

Answer 11

sample of everything made in that cell presented on surface for immune cells to detect
makes it easier for them to detect if there is an intercellular infection

Question 12

go to treatment in Hepatitis B virus infection?

Answer 12

synthetic IFN-alpha administration

Question 13

what is danger recognised by

Answer 13

innate immune system

Question 14

what is self/non-self recognised by

Answer 14

adaptive immune response

Question 15

what is needed to get an adaptive immune response

Answer 15

danger and non-self

Question 16

types of danger signals?

Answer 16

PAMPs - pathogen associated molecular patterns
DAMPs - damage associated molecular patterns

Question 17

what are PAMPs

Answer 17

pathogen associated molecular patterns:
types of molecules only produced by infectious agents essential for survival (eg bacterial cell wall constituents)

Question 18

what are DAMPs

Answer 18

damage associated molecular patterns:
molecules associated from injured cells (eg DNA, RNA, things that should be INSIDE a healthy cell)

Question 19

how do innate immune cells recognise danger signals (PAMPs and DAMPs)

Answer 19

pattern recognition receptors (PRR) recognise PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 20

example of PRRs?

Answer 20

toll-like receptors (TLR1 to TLR10)

Question 21

TLR3 function?

Answer 21

binds double stranded RNA (only present in viruses)

Question 22

TLR4 function?

Answer 22

binds LPS (bacterial cell wall)

Question 23

TLR5 function?

Answer 23

binds flagellin (flagellated bacteria)

Question 24

differences between innate and adaptive immune system

Answer 24

innate: responds to danger signals, rapid generic response, communicates danger to adaptive
adaptive: differentiates self/non-self, slow (peaks 6/7 days) highly specific response, memory to previous antigens

Question 25

types of T cell?

Answer 25

CD4+ T helper cell
CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocyte