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integrity > infectious diseases (W9) > Flashcards

infectious diseases (W9) Flashcards

1
Q

exemplar bacterial pathogens?

A

staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus pneumoniae
uropathogenic escherichia coli
neisseria meningitidis

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2
Q

what can infectious diseases be caused by

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites
prions

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3
Q

definition of infection/infectious disease?

A

invasion, multiplication and establishment of one or more pathogens in the body
infections can spread through the body causing disease (localised or systemic)

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4
Q

what is a pathogen

A

any organism which can inflict damage/disease on the host

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5
Q

what is virulence

A

the relative ability of a pathogenic organism to cause disease

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6
Q

what is the ability of an organism to inflict damage on the host?

A

pathogenicity

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7
Q

what is the mechanism of disease production

A

pathogenesis

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8
Q

what are virulence factors

A

genes/molecules/structures that contribute to virulence

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9
Q

organisms that live in harmony with us? (colonisers)

A

commensals

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10
Q

organisms that can cause disease in healthy subjects?

A

primary pathogens

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11
Q

organisms that behave as pathogens when given the right opportunity in a compromised host?

A

opportunist pathogens

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12
Q

organisms that live in the environment?

A

saprophytes

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13
Q

organisms associated with animals?

A

zoonoses

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14
Q

2 parts of immune system

A

innate (early response, no memory)
acquired (modern, has memory)

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15
Q

physical defences?

A

physical barriers - deny entry
mechanical defences - remove pathogens from potential site of infection
microbiome - compete with pathogens for binding sites and nutrients

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16
Q

physiological defences?

A

temperature
low pH
chemical mediators

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17
Q

phagocytic/endocytic barriers

A

endocytosis - cells internalise and break down foreign material
phagocytosis - specialised cells internalise, kill and digest whole organisms

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18
Q

inflammatory barriers?

A

tissue damage and infection causes leakage of fluid containing serum proteins with antibacterial activity

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19
Q

bacterial virulence factors?

A

cytosolic
cell membrane associated
secreted

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20
Q

most common bacterial cause of community acquired pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

21
Q

gram negative organism which can be carried as part of the microbiome in the bowel?

A

uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)

22
Q

antimicrobial prophylaxis of household contacts with infectious disease is recommended

A

neisseria meningitidis

23
Q

gram positive bacteria which is a very common cause of skin and soft tissue infections?ro

A

staphylococcus aureus

24
Q

what colour is gram negative/positive

A

negative - pink
positive - purple

25
Q

s. aureus virulence factors?

A

biofilm sticky making clearance difficult
capsule reduces ability to be phagocytosed
cell surface factors
coagulase - secreted, prothrombin->thrombin
exoenzymes (lipases, nucleases, proteases)

26
Q

how does S aureus cause skin infection

A

infects through break in skin to subcutis
neutrophils recruited to consume s. aureus
formation of fibrous capsule localising this

27
Q

how does S aureus infect mucosal surfaces

A

attaches closely to surface with lock and key mechanisms

28
Q

what must successful pathogens do to infect the respiratory tract

A

adhere to epithelial cell surfaces
inhibit ciliary action
avoid destruction by alveolar macrophages

29
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae gram +/-? where does it colonize?

A

gram positive (purple)
colonization of nasopharynx and throat

30
Q

what can streptococcus pneumoniae cause

A

pneumonia
mucosal infections (eg sinusitis)
invasive infections (bacteraemia, meningitis)

31
Q

features of streptococcus pneumoniae

A

capsule - survives in mucous, reduces phagocytosis risk
pili - type 1 & 2 which bind to receptors on host epithelium

32
Q

barriers to infection in the gi tract

A

stomach - acid pH
small intestine - bile and lymphoid tissue
large intestine - protective microbiota flora

33
Q

urinary tract barriers to infection?

A

bladder regular flushing action
acidity of urine
protective mucus covering urothelial cells

34
Q

what causes the majority of community acquired UTIs?

A

uropathogenic E. Coli

35
Q

uropathogenic E. Coli gram +/-?

A

gram negative (pink)

36
Q

uropathogenic E. Coli colonisation?

A

colonises periurethral area then ascends to the bladder and adheres to wall

37
Q

name for infection of bladder?

A

cystitis

38
Q

what can happen if uropathogenic E. Coli ascends further than the bladder

A

reaches kidneys via ureters causing pyelonephritis (kidney infection), and sepsis may occur as a result

39
Q

uropathogenic E. Coli features

A

2 types of fimbriae allow it to adhere to host cell surface
flagellum allow mobility
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) allows colonisation of bladder, formation of reservoirs, induces innate/adaptive immune responses
capsule
outer membrane vesicles deliver toxins

40
Q

what toxins does uropathogenic E. Coli secrete

A

alpha-haemolysin
siderophores

41
Q

neisseria meningitidis gram +/-?

A

gram positive

42
Q

diseases associated with meningitis

A

neisseria meningitidis
meningococcaemia
meningoencephalitis
pneumonia
arthritis
urethritis

43
Q

where does neisseria meningitidis colonize

A

nasopharynx

44
Q

neisseria meningitidis highest carriage rates?

A

school age children
young adults
lower socioeconomic groups

45
Q

neisseria meningitidis toxic effects?

A

hyperproduction of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) endotoxin (can cause sepsis)

46
Q

how does lipooligosaccharide (LOS) work

A

binds to cells in innate immune system
cytokine release
endothelial damage and capillary leakage

47
Q

what does neisseria meningitidis have the ability to cross? can all pathogens do this?

A

blood brain barrier. not all pathogens can cross this.

48
Q

2 most common causes of bacterial meningitis?

A

S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis

49
Q

what causes hospitalized patients to be at greater risk for new infections

A

immunocompromised
breach in physical defences (eg urinary catheterisation)
prosthetic material
loss of microbiome (antibiotics)
loss of cellular immunity (eg chemo)

integrity (19 decks)

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