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Physiology > Intro to Immunology - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

____ - the body system responsible for immunity

A

immune system

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2
Q

What are the 3 cell types of the immune system?

A
  1. Leukocytes
  2. Mast cells
  3. Dendritic cells
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3
Q

____ - the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses; includes the ability to distinguish “self” from “not self”

A

immunity

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4
Q

The immune system consists of a diverse group of ____, ____, and ____ that are widely distributed through the body

A

cells; tissues; organs

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5
Q

Blood makes up ___% of total body weight

A

8%

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6
Q

Plasma makes up ____% of whole blood while ____% are the formed elements.

A

55%; 45%

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7
Q

What is the primary element of the formed elements of blood?

A

erythrocytes (>99% of the formed elements)

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8
Q

What is the primary element of plasma?

A

water (91% of plasma)

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9
Q

What proteins compose plasma and what are their concentrations?

A
  1. Albumins (57%)
  2. Globulins (38%)
  3. Fibrinogen (4%)
  4. Prothrombin (1%)
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10
Q

What are globulins responsible for in blood plasma?

A

antibodies

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11
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
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12
Q

Which leukocyte is first to arrive to a scene of infection/tissue destruction by bacteria?

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

Which leukocytes are granulated?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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14
Q

Which leukocytes are mainly utilized for phagocytosis?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Monocytes - enlarge at site of infection to become macrophages which phagocytize
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15
Q

A high amount of which leukocyte often indicates a bacterial infection?

A

neutrophil

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16
Q

Leukocyte which destroys parasites, such as worms, that enter body tissues

A

eosinophil

17
Q

What are 2 additional functions of eosinophils?

A
  1. also contribute to allergic reactions
  2. can function as phagocytes
18
Q

Which leukocyte releases a variety of chemicals which promote inflammation and are involved in allergic reactions?

A

Basophils

19
Q

Basophils release a variety of chemicals such as ___, ___, and ___

A

histamine; leukotrienes; prostaglandins

20
Q

Where do monocytes become macrophages?

A

when they are out of the bloodstream

21
Q

Leukocyte that travels to site of infection and then enlarge and differentiate into phagocytes called macrophages

A

monocytes

22
Q

_____ are phagocytes which develop from the enlargement of monocytes

A

macrophages

23
Q

What are the 2 types of macrophages which arise from monocytes and their differences?

A
  1. wandering macrophages - migrate from one tissue to another
  2. fixed macrophages - stand guard in specific tissues
24
Q

Fixed macrophages:
___ in brain
___ in liver
___ in lungs
___ in connective tissue

A
  1. microglia
  2. Kupffer cells
  3. alveolar macrophages
  4. histiocytes
25
Q

What are the 3 main types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. B cells
  2. T cells
  3. Natural killer (NK) cells
26
Q

Only ___% of total lymphocyte population is circulating in the blood at any given time; the rest are in ___ and ___ organs and tissues.

A

2%
lymph
lymphoid

27
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

differentiate into specialized cells that produce antibodies

28
Q

What are the different types of T cells and their functions?

A
  1. Helper T cells - stimulate the proliferation of B cells and T cells
  2. Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells destroy infected body cells and cancer cells
29
Q

cell of the immune system which is widely dispersed in the connective tissue of the skin and linings of the respiratory and GI tract; releases histamine and other substances that are involved in inflammation and allergic reactions

A

Mast cells

30
Q

cell of the immune system located in the skin and in other organs of the body which serve as antigen-presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells

31
Q

____ = foreign substances

A

antigens

32
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be “antigen-presenting”? What cell does this refer to?

A

cell processes antigens (foreign substances) and then present the processed antigens to lymphocytes to promote an immune response

33
Q

Lymph fluid contains protective ____, but does not contain ____.

A

WBCs; erythrocytes

34
Q

Cells of the immune system can travel between the distinct ____ and ____ circulatory systems which are separated by _____

A

lymphatic
blood
interstitial space

35
Q

What is the process called in which cells of the immune system travel between lymphatic and blood circulatory system that is separated by interstitial space?

A

extravasation

36
Q

Lymphoid organs and tissues are structures in which ____ develop, reside, or carry out immune response.

A

lymphocytes

37
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs/tissues? What do they produce?

A
  1. Bone marrow - mature B cells and pre-T cells
  2. thymus - pre-T cells migrate from bone marrow to the thymus where they become mature T cells

Physiology (8 decks)

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