Intro to Immunology - Innate Immunity Flashcards
____ - the body system responsible for immunity
immune system
What are the 3 cell types of the immune system?
- Leukocytes
- Mast cells
- Dendritic cells
____ - the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses; includes the ability to distinguish “self” from “not self”
immunity
The immune system consists of a diverse group of ____, ____, and ____ that are widely distributed through the body
cells; tissues; organs
Blood makes up ___% of total body weight
8%
Plasma makes up ____% of whole blood while ____% are the formed elements.
55%; 45%
What is the primary element of the formed elements of blood?
erythrocytes (>99% of the formed elements)
What is the primary element of plasma?
water (91% of plasma)
What proteins compose plasma and what are their concentrations?
- Albumins (57%)
- Globulins (38%)
- Fibrinogen (4%)
- Prothrombin (1%)
What are globulins responsible for in blood plasma?
antibodies
What are the 5 types of leukocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
Which leukocyte is first to arrive to a scene of infection/tissue destruction by bacteria?
neutrophils
Which leukocytes are granulated?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Which leukocytes are mainly utilized for phagocytosis?
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes - enlarge at site of infection to become macrophages which phagocytize
A high amount of which leukocyte often indicates a bacterial infection?
neutrophil
Leukocyte which destroys parasites, such as worms, that enter body tissues
eosinophil
What are 2 additional functions of eosinophils?
- also contribute to allergic reactions
- can function as phagocytes
Which leukocyte releases a variety of chemicals which promote inflammation and are involved in allergic reactions?
Basophils
Basophils release a variety of chemicals such as ___, ___, and ___
histamine; leukotrienes; prostaglandins
Where do monocytes become macrophages?
when they are out of the bloodstream
Leukocyte that travels to site of infection and then enlarge and differentiate into phagocytes called macrophages
monocytes
_____ are phagocytes which develop from the enlargement of monocytes
macrophages
What are the 2 types of macrophages which arise from monocytes and their differences?
- wandering macrophages - migrate from one tissue to another
- fixed macrophages - stand guard in specific tissues
Fixed macrophages:
___ in brain
___ in liver
___ in lungs
___ in connective tissue
- microglia
- Kupffer cells
- alveolar macrophages
- histiocytes
What are the 3 main types of lymphocytes?
- B cells
- T cells
- Natural killer (NK) cells
Only ___% of total lymphocyte population is circulating in the blood at any given time; the rest are in ___ and ___ organs and tissues.
2%
lymph
lymphoid
What is the function of B cells?
differentiate into specialized cells that produce antibodies
What are the different types of T cells and their functions?
- Helper T cells - stimulate the proliferation of B cells and T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells destroy infected body cells and cancer cells
cell of the immune system which is widely dispersed in the connective tissue of the skin and linings of the respiratory and GI tract; releases histamine and other substances that are involved in inflammation and allergic reactions
Mast cells
cell of the immune system located in the skin and in other organs of the body which serve as antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic cells
____ = foreign substances
antigens
What does it mean for a cell to be “antigen-presenting”? What cell does this refer to?
cell processes antigens (foreign substances) and then present the processed antigens to lymphocytes to promote an immune response
Lymph fluid contains protective ____, but does not contain ____.
WBCs; erythrocytes
Cells of the immune system can travel between the distinct ____ and ____ circulatory systems which are separated by _____
lymphatic
blood
interstitial space
What is the process called in which cells of the immune system travel between lymphatic and blood circulatory system that is separated by interstitial space?
extravasation
Lymphoid organs and tissues are structures in which ____ develop, reside, or carry out immune response.
lymphocytes
What are the primary lymphoid organs/tissues? What do they produce?
- Bone marrow - mature B cells and pre-T cells
- thymus - pre-T cells migrate from bone marrow to the thymus where they become mature T cells
