Intro to Immunology Flashcards
administration of antigens to host to develop immunity
Active immunity
administration of antibodies to host to develop immunity
Passive immunity
2 types of immunity
- Natural
2. Adaptive/acquired
non-specific and non-cellular defenses
2nd line of defense
cells which present antigen on the surfaces of another cellular population
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
- specialized in their function and present the antigen
* dual/multiple functions
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Location of Macrophages
connective tissues
histiocytes
Location of Macrophages
around basement membrane of small blood vessels
wandering macrophages
Location of Macrophages
lungs
Alveolar macrophages
Location of Macrophages
liver
Kupffer cells
Location of Macrophages
kidneys
Mesangial cells
Location of Macrophages
brain
microglia
Location of Macrophages
bone
osteoclasts
Location of Macrophages
joints
Synovial A cells
Location of Macrophages
chronic inflammation
- activated MAC
- epithelioid
- giant cells
antigen-specific immune responses
3rd line of defense
carried out by WBCs
phagocytosis
Enumerate the process of phagocytosis
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- engulfment
- phagosome formation
- digestion, destruction, elimination
cells are guided to the site of injury by chemoattractant substances
chemotaxis
change in direction of movement of motile cell in response to a concentration gradient of a specific chemical (chemotaxin)
chemotactic response
sequence of adhesion and activation events that ends with cells exerting their effects on the inflamed site
Leukocyte adhesion cascade
cell adhesion molecule (CAM)
P-selectin
lines surfaces of activated endothelial cells
allows WBC to adhere
P-selectin
enhanced engulfment
opsonization
engulfment is enhanced by:
- acetylcholine
- complement
- plasma proteins
triggered by tissue damage due to infection, heat, wound, etc.
inflammation
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
- rubor
- dolor
- calor
- tumor
- functio laesa
- rubor:
- dolor:
- calor:
- tumor:
- functio laesa:
- rubor: redness
- dolor: pain
- calor: heat
- tumor: swelling
- functio laesa: function loss
Inflammation stages
- Vasodilation
- Phagocyte migration and margination
- Tissue repair
large granular lymphocytes (LGL)
antibody-dependent cytotoxic cell (ADCC)
Natural killer cells
formation of pores (killing method)
perforins
release of H2O2 from WBCs and lysosome produce myeloperoxidase
Oxidative burst
bacteria are engulfed through?
active membrane invagination
high affinity for HDL
Cholesterol removal to clean up of macrophages in the site of inflammation
Serum amyloid A
inhibits elastase formation
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
binds to free Hb to protect from oxidative damage
Haptoglobin
NK cell exposed to IL-2 snd IFN gamma
Lymphokine activated cell (LAK)
Type of Granules
contains granules such as caspases
Tertiary granules
Types of Granules contains enzymes (lysozyme and myeloperoxidase)
Primary granules
Types of Granules
contains substances such as lactoferrin
Secondary granules
