Intro to Immunology Flashcards
2 things the immune system does and needs to be able to keep in balance
Protecting against infection and cancer
Controlling responses to prevent excessive inflammation and autoimmunity
Innate immunity
Immediate
Non-specific
No memory
Same response with each subsequent infection
Adaptive immunity
Slower
Specific response
Develop memory to prevent subsequent re-infection
2 progeny of the hematopoietic stem cell
Common lymphoid progenitor
Common myeloid progenitor
What cells come from the Common lymphoid progenitor
B and T cells
What cells come from the Common myeloid progenitor
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells)
2 main functions of antibodies
Neutralize pathogens
Opsonize them
Complement proteins
Plasma proteins that cleave and activate each other to kill extracellular pathogens
Bind directly to pathogens or to antibodies coating pathogens
Antimicrobial peptides
Found on skin and mucosal linings of body
Can cause direct damage to pathogens or make them easier for immune cells to destroy
Cytokines vs chemokines
Cytokines are released by cells typically following an activating stimulus, and act on nearby or distance cells to influence innate and adaptive immunity
Chemokines are cytokines that attract other cells to the site of infections
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
Where lymphocytes develop from progenitor cells
Secondary lymphoid organs
Peripheral lymph nodes and spleen
Where lymphocytes interact with each other and nonlymphoid cells
Generate immune responses to antigens
Initiate adaptive immune responses
Role of B cells
Cell surface antibodies (BCR) recognize specific antigens
Differentiate into plasma cells
Antigen-presenting cells
Role of T cells
TCR recognizes a specific antigen in an MHC molecule
CD4 and CD8 cells
TH1 cells
Subset of CD4 cells
Protect against intracellular pathogens (cell-mediated immunity)
Help CD8 cells kill virally infected cells and macrophages to kill intracellular bacteria
TH2 cells
Subset of CD4 cells
Protect against extracellular pathogens (humoral immunity)
Help B cells produce long lived antibodies against bacteria or viruses
CD8 cells
Important in defense against cytosolic pathogens
Kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens
Also importnat in protections against neoplasms (kill cancer cells)
3 classical antigen presenting cells
B cell
Macrophage
Dendritic cell
4 roles of neutrophils
Phagocytosis
Important pathogen killers
Major white blood cell in blood
Identifying pathogens using receptors that recognize common patterns found on microbes
4 functions of macrophages
Phagocytosis
Important pathogen killers
APCs
Identifying pathogens using receptors that recognize common patterns found on microbes
3 functions of dendritic cells
Phagocytosis
Best APC
Identifying pathogens using receptors that recognize common patterns found on microbes
What 2 cell types are involved in protecting against helminth infections
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Role of natural killer cells
Destroy infected or cancerous cells
Need the signal to not kill
Difference between how neutrophils, macrophages, and DCs work as APCs
Neutrophils phagocytose and kill bacteria, and then use cytokines and chemokines to cause inflammation and recruit cells
DCs take up the antigen and bring it to the nearest lymph node in order to present to T cell and initiate the adaptive immune response
