Intro to Immunology

Question 1

Who was Edward Jenner?

Answer 1

First immunologist

* disovered vaccines by experimenting with small pox

Question 2

The first vaccine proved ______ and demonstrated consequences of ______ epitopes

Answer 2

memory

shared

Question 3

Shared epitope

Answer 3

antigenic determinant - most pox viruses were detected similarly by the immune system. But showed different pathogenetics

Question 4

Different pathogenesis in different hosts because:

Answer 4

evolved to infect a broader range of hosts - don’t want to damage the only host

Question 5

Since vaccines the number of occurrences have greatly decreased - diphtheria, measles, mumps….

Answer 5

use of preservatives in the vaccines were thought to cause autism but have been disproven – need to educate

Question 6

Who dictates the immune response?

Answer 6

Cells and cell products

Question 7

What lines arise from the hematopoietic stem cell?

Answer 7

Lymphoid
Myloid
Erythroid/Megakaryocyte

Question 8

What is innate immunity?

Answer 8

most basic form in the immune response
* myeloid cell line (granulocytes)
* Natural Killer cell
Inflammation -- Mast Cell, Eosinophil, Basophil (tissues)
Complement
Epithelial barriers

Question 9

Natural killer cell

Answer 9

arises from lymphoid line
antiviral response
protect against mutogenesis

Question 10

What is adaptive immunity

Answer 10

Lymphoid cell line
* B and T cell
B cells –> Plasma Cells (produce antibodies)
* NOT natural killer cell

Question 11

What is the main target of a neutrophil?

Answer 11

BACTERIAL INFECTION

Question 12

B and T cells are normally ________

Answer 12

Dormant

* only activated when presented with antigen (adaptive immunity)

Question 13

What is an antigen presenting cell?

Answer 13

Macrophage
Dendritic Cell

** contain TOLL RECEPTORS - recognize LPS or peptidoglycan layer. Engulf antigen.

Question 14

Where are lymphocytes found?

Answer 14

Primarily in lymphoid tissues

Question 15

Primary Lymphoid Tissues

Answer 15

Bone Marrow

• Stem Cells
• B cell maturation

Thymus

• T cell devlopment and maturation
• T cells enter thymus via chemokinesis

Question 16

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

Answer 16

Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Adenoids
Tonsils
Appendix
GI tract (peyers patches)

Question 17

Lymph Node

Answer 17

MAJOR SITE of lymphocyte activation

• afferent lymphatic vessel - brings lymph in
• efferent lymphatic vessel - takes lymph out
• Lymphoid follicle:
  * Mostly B cells (outer region)
  * T cells (inner)
• Germinal Center - where lymphocytes interact (antibody production)

Question 18

Lymph node antigen activation

Answer 18

Naive T cell enters lymph node via High Endothelial Venule
Can move from lymph node to lymph node
When comes in contact with APC becomes Active T Cell
Enters back into blood stream via thoracic duct leave blood vessel into tissues to target infection

Question 19

Lymphocyte Recirculation

Answer 19

Lymphocytes move from lymph node to the next

Question 20

Spleen

Answer 20

White Pulp - lymphocytes
Red Pulp - RBC, blood filtration
Germinal Centers

Question 21

White pulp

Answer 21

B cell zone
T cell zone
PALS
Central artery 
Germinal Center

Question 22

Marginal zone

Answer 22

Found between red pulp and white pulp

Contains specialized marcophages - will move antigens from red pulp to white pulp (germinal center)

Question 23

Spleen Open Circulation

Answer 23

Filtrations through pulp reticulum

Question 24

Spleen closed circulation

Answer 24

Blood goes directly to sinuses

Question 25

Individuals lacking spleens–

Answer 25

more susceptible to infection
* especially encapsulated bacteria 
          S. pneumoniae
         meningitis
         E. coli
          Slmonella

The spleen generates antibodies against polysaccharide antigens (bacterial capsule) – no spleen encapsulated bacteria will not be targets for immune response

Question 26

Intestinal M cells

Answer 26

Lymph tissue integrated into gut tissue
Direct communication with lymphoid tissue and lamen of gut

Follicle (b cell)
T cell
Germinal center

Question 27

Recognition of INNATE immunity

Answer 27

Rapid (elements are preformed, coded in DNA)
Fixed (same response for each antigen)
Limited specificites
Constant during response

Question 28

Recognition of ADAPTIVE immunity

Answer 28

Slow (memory)
Variable
Numerous selective specificities
Improve during response

Question 29

Innate and adaptive immunity interaction

Answer 29

takes place in spleen and lymph node.

APC – innate

Question 30

Innate response to infection

Answer 30

infection –> recognition by nonspecific effectors –> removal of infection

Question 31

Primary response

Answer 31

infection –> recruitment of effector cells –> recognition, activation of effector cells –> removal

Question 32

Secondary Response

Answer 32

infection –> transport of antigen to lymphoid –> recognition by B and T cells –> clonal expansion, differentiation of effector cells –> Removal