Intro to Immunology

Question 1

what are the 2 functions of the immune system

Answer 1

1. protects indiv from foreign substances

2. fulfills a surveillance funciton (seeks out and destroys abnomral (cancerous) cells

Question 2

what foreign substances do the immune system protect people from (3)

Answer 2

1. microorganisms
2. viruses
3. foreign tissues (grafts)

Question 3

what are the 2 functional divisions of the immune system

Answer 3

1. the innate immune system

2. the adaptive immune system

Question 4

wha tis the first line of defense against infectious agents?
what is activated when the first line is breached?

Answer 4

the innate immunity (non-adaptive)

the adaptive immune system is activated when the first line is breached

Question 5

what are the 3 characteristics of innate immunity

Answer 5

1. present at all times
2. non-specific: doesnt discriminate btwn diff microorg
3. no memory: doesn’t intensify upon re-exposure to pathogen

Question 6

what are the constituents of the innate immune system

Answer 6

1. mechanical barrierrs
2. secreted products
3. inflammatory cells
4. acute phase proteins

Question 7

what are the mechanical barriers of the innate immune system

Answer 7

epithelial-lined surfaces of the body

Question 8

what are some secreted products of the innate immune system

Answer 8

lysozyme
lactoferrin 
defensins (broad spectrum antibiotics) in epithelial cells 
defensisns in tears and mucosal fluid 
cryptocidins in gut 
acid in stomach 
sebaceous gland secretion 
acute phase proteins

Question 9

what are the acute phase proteins

Answer 9

complement
c-reactive protein
interferon

Question 10

what is interferon produced by

Answer 10

liver

Question 11

what are the inflammatory cells

how are they attracted to sites of infection

Answer 11

white blood cells such as neutrophils and monocytes are attracted to sites of infection by complement protein C5a through chemotaxis

Question 12

how to inflammatory cells enter the tissues

Answer 12

by insinuating themselves btwn neighboring endothelial cells (diapedesis)

Question 13

after entering the tissues, monocytes differentiate into…

Answer 13

macrophages which like neutrophils are actively phagocytic

Question 14

what are the 2 types of things lactoferrin can be

Answer 14

bacteriostatic (stops growth of bact)

bactereosidal (kills bact and binds iron to keep away)

Question 15

what is the function of phagocytic cells

Answer 15

to engulf foreign particles including microorganisms, by a process called phagocytosis and destroy them

Question 16

what is phagocytosis facilitated by

Answer 16

opsonization: phag facilitated by the deposition of opsonins on the microorganism or particle to be ingested

Question 17

what are the biochemical defenses of the body

Answer 17

lysozyme in most secretions
sebaceous gland secretions
commensal organisms in gut and vagina
spermine in semen

Question 18

what are the biochemical and physical defense of the body

Answer 18

mucus
cilia lining trachea
skin
acid in stomach

Question 19

what do paneth cells release

Answer 19

release defensins and other antimicrobial substances, therby protecting stem cells from microbial attack
-defensins may also act as signaling molec in the gut lumen where their conc is much lower

Question 20

what are the characteristics of adaptive immunity

Answer 20

1. quiescent until stimulated by a specific pathogen
2. has specificity: distinguishes btwn pathogens
3. has memory: more intense response upon re-exposure

Question 21

what are the 2 major arms of the adaptive immune system

Answer 21

1. cellular immune response: particularly effective against fungal and viral injections, cancer, and foreign tissue
2. humoral immune response: produces antibodies, defends against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections

Question 22

what are the cells used in cellular immune response

Answer 22

T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Question 23

what are the cells used in the humoral immune response

Answer 23

1. antibody producing cells (plasma cells) derived from B lympocyes
2. may also require help from antigen presenting cells (APCs )and T lymphocytes

Question 24

what are antigens

Answer 24

substances that can be recognized by the immunoglobin receptor of B cells, or by the T cell receptor when complexed w/ MHC

Question 25

all immune reponses are initiated by the recognition of…

Answer 25

foreign antigens
-this leads to the activation of lymphocytes that specificlally recognize antigen, and culminuates in the elimination of the antigen

Question 26

what can the immune resopnse be divided into

Answer 26

1. cognitive phase
2. activation phase
3. effector phase

Question 27

where do T lymphocytes develop from

Answer 27

stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 28

when T lymp exit the bone marrow while still relatively undiffernetiated wehre do they migrate to?
what do they differentiate into?

Answer 28

thymus where they differentiate into competent immune cells

Question 29

wehre do B lympocytes develop from?

how are they diff from T lymph?

Answer 29

bone marrow

unlike T, they complete their differentiate there

Question 30

what are the primary lymphoid organs

Answer 30

bone marrow and thymus

Question 31

what is the type 1 alpha interferron produced by?

what is the type 1 beta interferron produced by?

Answer 31

alpha=produced by leukocytes

beta=betablast

Question 32

what does an increased inflammation state in patients do to CRP levels

Answer 32

increase

Question 33

what is the magnitude of immune response directly proportional to

Answer 33

magnitude of proliferative response

Question 34

in what phase of the adative immune system do some cells get sequestered off in lymphoid compartments as memory cells?

Answer 34

activation phase