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OD2-Immunology > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

all cells of the immune system originate from stem cells in the bone marrow and complete their development there except…

A

t cells

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2
Q

what do the lymphocytes do

A

recognize and respond to foreign antigens

-specificity of immune system responses is due to lymphocutes

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3
Q

what are immunoglobulins

A

antigen receptors on B cells

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4
Q

what are antigenic determinants or epitopes

A

frangments of antigens

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5
Q

what phases of the specific immune response depend on antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

recognition and activation phases of specific immune responses

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6
Q

what are the 3 major classes of lymphocutes

A

T cells
B cells
natural killer cells

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7
Q

how are lymphocytes shaped

A 
small cells (8-10 microns) 
absence of specific granules 
round 
centrally placed heterochromatic nucleus 
thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm
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8
Q

which are the only cells capable of producing antibodies

A

B cells

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9
Q

what is capping

A

antigen receptors move w/in the fluid plane of the B cell membrane and aggregate at one pole of the cell

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10
Q

where are plasma cells found

where do they nomrally not circulate in

A

lymphoid organs
sites of immune responses
-normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph

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11
Q

what 2 types of antigens do B cells respond to

A

T cell independnet

T cell dependent

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12
Q

T cell independent antigens can directly bind to B cell antigen receptors and induce….

A

induce B cell activation and antibody production

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13
Q

what are some examples of T cell independent cell antigens

A

polymeric antigen esp polysacc as well as glycolipids and nucleic acids

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14
Q

what is endotoxin

A

an important T independent antigen present in bacterial cell walls

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15
Q

what do T cell dependent antigetns require in order for B cell activation and antibody production to occur

A

T cell B cell cooperation

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16
Q

what are some examples of T cell dependent antigens

A

proteins and polypeptides

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17
Q

what type of T cell is required for T cell dependent activation

A

helper T cell

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18
Q

what do B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells

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19
Q

how much % do T lymphocytes make up of the lymphocyte pool

A

70%

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20
Q

how much do B lymphocytes make up of the circulating lymph?

A

30%

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21
Q

what is the major hisocamptibliilty molecule (MHC)

A

a region of highly polymorphic genes whose products are expressed on the surface of a variety of cells

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of MHC molecutes

where are they located

A 
class 1 MHC molecules on all body cells
class 2 molec located exclusvely on cells of the immune system
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23
Q

MHC are encoded for in a regino of ______ and referred to as ______

A

chromosome 6

referred to as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region

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24
Q

what type of MHC restriction do helper T cells show

A

class 2 MHC restriction

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25
Q

what are T lymphocytes devided into

A

helper T cells (CD4+)

cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

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26
Q

APCs and accessory cells are specialized macrophages which engulf peptide antigens and process them so that they become….

A

incorporated into the class 2 MHC molec on their cell surface

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27
Q

where do class 2 molecules acquire peptides from

A

intracellular vesicles following uptake of microbes

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28
Q

what is an epitope aka antigenic determinant

A

during the processing of MHC only a small fragment of the original antigen becomes associated w/ class 2 surface molecules. the particular fragment=epitope

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29
Q

in response to antigenic stimulation, what do helper T cells secrete

A

protein hormones called cytokines

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30
Q

what is the function of cytokines

A

promote the proliferation and differenetiation of T cells, B cells, macrophages, which ultimatetly facilitate removal of antigen

31
Q

what do cytokines recruit and activate to provide a link btwn specific T cell immunity and the infl response

A

inflammatory leukocytes

32
Q

how are CD8+T cells presented antigen

what is it similar to

A

by dendritic cells that express viral and tumor antigens in their cytosol in a manner similar to how dendritic cells initiate CD4+ T cell responses

33
Q

lymphocytes can only recognize a peptide antigen if that antigen is complexed w/ ….

A

either a class 1 or class 2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molectule

34
Q

what MHC restrction do CD4+ helper T cells ahve

CD8+?

A 
cd4=class 2 restricted
cd8=class 1 restricted
35
Q

do t cells bind to the antigen directly?

A

no, needs to be presented an antigen in context of an MHC molecule or else restricted

36
Q

most ingested proteins do not enter the cytosolic class 1 pathway of antigen presentation, what is this unique to

A

dendritic cells

37
Q

what surface protein do most helper T cells express

what surface protein do most cytotoxic T cells express

A

CD4=helper

CD8 =cytotoxic

38
Q

what role does CD3 have

what is it noncovalently associated w/

A

role in signal transduction following antigen bindnig

-alphabeta heterodimeric T cell antigen

39
Q

where are membrane proteins found

A

surface of B cells
macrophages
other leukocytes

40
Q

how are natural killer cells different from T and B cells (lymphocytes)

A

lack cell surface markers that are present on T or B cells

do not develop in the thymus

41
Q

what are natural killer cells role

A
  1. destroy tumor and microbe-infected cells before the antigens have the opportunity to stimulate a T or B cell response
  2. surveillance role in protected against tumor growth and microbial infections
42
Q

what are nk cells distinguished by

A

numerous cytoplasmic granules that contain lytic compounds

43
Q

how do nk cells destroy tumor, stressed, and microbially infected cells?

A

directly (similar to cytotxic T cells) and by antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) w/o MHC restriction

44
Q

NK cells appear to specifically recognize tumor cells by …

A

virtue of the ADCC reduced expression of class 1 MHC molec

45
Q

what do invariant natural killer cells (iNKT) recognize

-what are they presented by

A 
lipid antigens, including bacterial antigens
-presented by CD1 molec which are related to class 1 MHC molec
46
Q

what are the functions of iNKT cells

A

thought to bridge effector functions of the innate and adaptive immune systems and may play an important role in anti-viral, anti-bacterial, infl, and autoimmune rxns.

47
Q

what are lymphoblasts

A

following stimulation by antigen, small lymphocytes enlarge due to increased production of proteins and organelles to become lymphoblasts
-“blast transformation”

48
Q

what are responsible for the accelerated response to antigen that is experienced upon re-exposure to antigen

A

memory cells

49
Q

some lymphocytes differenciate from a cognitive stage to an effector stage (to eliminate antigen), what do others do

A

become memory cells

50
Q

what are the top 3 most of the WBCs

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. lymphocytes
  3. monocytes
51
Q

what is the instructional theory (which has been disproven)

A

antigen can induce a change in the lymphocyte to which it bound, inducing it to produce antibodies specific to itself

52
Q

what is the clonal selection theory

A

individuals contain numerous clonally derived lymphocytes, each w/ a unique antigen specificity

  • antigen binds only to that particular clone for which it is specific and activates it (clonally expands)
  • lymphocytes circulate throughout the body to maximize the chance of interacting w/ their complementary antigen
53
Q

what is the first cell type that enters the peripheral blood

A

monocyte

54
Q

what cells are 12 to 20 microns in diamter, bean shaped nuclei and a cytoplasm lacking specific granules

A

monocytes

55
Q

what are cells that lack specific granules

A

agranulocytes

56
Q

what are macrophages

A

after spending a few days in circulation, monocytes leave the vasculature and take up residence in the tissues, where they mature and become macrophages

57
Q

the maturation of monocytes to macrophgaes invloves…

A

an increase in cell membrane folds and an increase in the number of primary and secondary lysosomes

58
Q

macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and may assume differetn forms like…

A
  1. epitheliod cells (have abundant cytoplasm and resemble ep cells of the skin, they serve to wall off a site of infection to prevent its spread)
  2. multinucleated giant cells (macrophages fuse to form this and form around foreign bodies that are too large to be engulfed)
59
Q

what are macrophages called when they are found in the lining of the vascular sinusoids of the liver

A

kupffer cells

60
Q

what are macrophages called when they are found in pulmonary airways

A

alveolar macrophages

61
Q

what are mononuclear phag role in innate immune function

A

phagocytosis

production of cytokines which promote inflmmation

62
Q

what are monoculaer phag role in adaptive immunity

A

respond to T cell cytokines to become more efficient phagoccytes

  • they can opsonize antibody-coated particles
  • specialized subset can act as APCs
63
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leuk)
eosinophils
basophils

64
Q

what are the agranulocytes

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

65
Q

what do granulobytes participate in

A

immune response

also circulate in the blood

66
Q

what are the bacteriocidal compounds in neutrophils

A

lactoferrin
lysozyme
defensins

67
Q

why are neutrophils referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

bc of their multilobed nucleus

68
Q

whta are the characterisitcs of neutrophils

A
  1. respond to chemotactic stimuli
  2. phagocytic
  3. major cell population in the acute inflammatory response
69
Q

what do eosinophilic granules contain compounds for

A
  • compounds which are effective at combating parasites (ex. major basic protein)
  • histaminase which is an enzyme which breaks down histamine
70
Q

eosinophils are recruited to areas where histamine is relased from basophils and mast cells by….

A

eosinophil chemotatic factor

71
Q

where are basophils found? whwere are mast cells found

A

basophils circulate in the blood

mast cells are found in the tissue

72
Q

what do basophils secrete

A

histamine in respnse to various allergens by a mechanism known as immediate hypersensitiity

73
Q

what do all phagocytic cells start as

A

monocytes

OD2-Immunology (4 decks)

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