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OD2-Immunology > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

all cells of the immune system originate from stem cells in the bone marrow and complete their development there except…

A

t cells

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2
Q

what do the lymphocytes do

A

recognize and respond to foreign antigens

-specificity of immune system responses is due to lymphocutes

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3
Q

what are immunoglobulins

A

antigen receptors on B cells

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4
Q

what are antigenic determinants or epitopes

A

frangments of antigens

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5
Q

what phases of the specific immune response depend on antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

recognition and activation phases of specific immune responses

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6
Q

what are the 3 major classes of lymphocutes

A

T cells
B cells
natural killer cells

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7
Q

how are lymphocytes shaped

A 
small cells (8-10 microns) 
absence of specific granules 
round 
centrally placed heterochromatic nucleus 
thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm
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8
Q

which are the only cells capable of producing antibodies

A

B cells

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9
Q

what is capping

A

antigen receptors move w/in the fluid plane of the B cell membrane and aggregate at one pole of the cell

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10
Q

where are plasma cells found

where do they nomrally not circulate in

A

lymphoid organs
sites of immune responses
-normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph

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11
Q

what 2 types of antigens do B cells respond to

A

T cell independnet

T cell dependent

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12
Q

T cell independent antigens can directly bind to B cell antigen receptors and induce….

A

induce B cell activation and antibody production

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13
Q

what are some examples of T cell independent cell antigens

A

polymeric antigen esp polysacc as well as glycolipids and nucleic acids

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14
Q

what is endotoxin

A

an important T independent antigen present in bacterial cell walls

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15
Q

what do T cell dependent antigetns require in order for B cell activation and antibody production to occur

A

T cell B cell cooperation

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16
Q

what are some examples of T cell dependent antigens

A

proteins and polypeptides

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17
Q

what type of T cell is required for T cell dependent activation

A

helper T cell

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18
Q

what do B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells

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19
Q

how much % do T lymphocytes make up of the lymphocyte pool

A

70%

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20
Q

how much do B lymphocytes make up of the circulating lymph?

A

30%

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21
Q

what is the major hisocamptibliilty molecule (MHC)

A

a region of highly polymorphic genes whose products are expressed on the surface of a variety of cells

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of MHC molecutes

where are they located

A 
class 1 MHC molecules on all body cells
class 2 molec located exclusvely on cells of the immune system
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23
Q

MHC are encoded for in a regino of ______ and referred to as ______

A

chromosome 6

referred to as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region

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24
Q

what type of MHC restriction do helper T cells show

A

class 2 MHC restriction

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25
what are T lymphocytes devided into
helper T cells (CD4+) | cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
26
APCs and accessory cells are specialized macrophages which engulf peptide antigens and process them so that they become....
incorporated into the class 2 MHC molec on their cell surface
27
where do class 2 molecules acquire peptides from
intracellular vesicles following uptake of microbes
28
what is an epitope aka antigenic determinant
during the processing of MHC only a small fragment of the original antigen becomes associated w/ class 2 surface molecules. the particular fragment=epitope
29
in response to antigenic stimulation, what do helper T cells secrete
protein hormones called cytokines
30
what is the function of cytokines
promote the proliferation and differenetiation of T cells, B cells, macrophages, which ultimatetly facilitate removal of antigen
31
what do cytokines recruit and activate to provide a link btwn specific T cell immunity and the infl response
inflammatory leukocytes
32
how are CD8+T cells presented antigen | what is it similar to
by dendritic cells that express viral and tumor antigens in their cytosol in a manner similar to how dendritic cells initiate CD4+ T cell responses
33
lymphocytes can only recognize a peptide antigen if that antigen is complexed w/ ....
either a class 1 or class 2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molectule
34
what MHC restrction do CD4+ helper T cells ahve | CD8+?
``` cd4=class 2 restricted cd8=class 1 restricted ```
35
do t cells bind to the antigen directly?
no, needs to be presented an antigen in context of an MHC molecule or else restricted
36
most ingested proteins do not enter the cytosolic class 1 pathway of antigen presentation, what is this unique to
dendritic cells
37
what surface protein do most helper T cells express | what surface protein do most cytotoxic T cells express
CD4=helper | CD8 =cytotoxic
38
what role does CD3 have | what is it noncovalently associated w/
role in signal transduction following antigen bindnig | -alphabeta heterodimeric T cell antigen
39
where are membrane proteins found
surface of B cells macrophages other leukocytes
40
how are natural killer cells different from T and B cells (lymphocytes)
lack cell surface markers that are present on T or B cells | do not develop in the thymus
41
what are natural killer cells role
1. destroy tumor and microbe-infected cells before the antigens have the opportunity to stimulate a T or B cell response 2. surveillance role in protected against tumor growth and microbial infections
42
what are nk cells distinguished by
numerous cytoplasmic granules that contain lytic compounds
43
how do nk cells destroy tumor, stressed, and microbially infected cells?
directly (similar to cytotxic T cells) and by antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) w/o MHC restriction
44
NK cells appear to specifically recognize tumor cells by ...
virtue of the ADCC reduced expression of class 1 MHC molec
45
what do invariant natural killer cells (iNKT) recognize | -what are they presented by
``` lipid antigens, including bacterial antigens -presented by CD1 molec which are related to class 1 MHC molec ```
46
what are the functions of iNKT cells
thought to bridge effector functions of the innate and adaptive immune systems and may play an important role in anti-viral, anti-bacterial, infl, and autoimmune rxns.
47
what are lymphoblasts
following stimulation by antigen, small lymphocytes enlarge due to increased production of proteins and organelles to become lymphoblasts -"blast transformation"
48
what are responsible for the accelerated response to antigen that is experienced upon re-exposure to antigen
memory cells
49
some lymphocytes differenciate from a cognitive stage to an effector stage (to eliminate antigen), what do others do
become memory cells
50
what are the top 3 most of the WBCs
1. neutrophils 2. lymphocytes 3. monocytes
51
what is the instructional theory (which has been disproven)
antigen can induce a change in the lymphocyte to which it bound, inducing it to produce antibodies specific to itself
52
what is the clonal selection theory
individuals contain numerous clonally derived lymphocytes, each w/ a unique antigen specificity - antigen binds only to that particular clone for which it is specific and activates it (clonally expands) - lymphocytes circulate throughout the body to maximize the chance of interacting w/ their complementary antigen
53
what is the first cell type that enters the peripheral blood
monocyte
54
what cells are 12 to 20 microns in diamter, bean shaped nuclei and a cytoplasm lacking specific granules
monocytes
55
what are cells that lack specific granules
agranulocytes
56
what are macrophages
after spending a few days in circulation, monocytes leave the vasculature and take up residence in the tissues, where they mature and become macrophages
57
the maturation of monocytes to macrophgaes invloves...
an increase in cell membrane folds and an increase in the number of primary and secondary lysosomes
58
macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and may assume differetn forms like...
1. epitheliod cells (have abundant cytoplasm and resemble ep cells of the skin, they serve to wall off a site of infection to prevent its spread) 2. multinucleated giant cells (macrophages fuse to form this and form around foreign bodies that are too large to be engulfed)
59
what are macrophages called when they are found in the lining of the vascular sinusoids of the liver
kupffer cells
60
what are macrophages called when they are found in pulmonary airways
alveolar macrophages
61
what are mononuclear phag role in innate immune function
phagocytosis | production of cytokines which promote inflmmation
62
what are monoculaer phag role in adaptive immunity
respond to T cell cytokines to become more efficient phagoccytes - they can opsonize antibody-coated particles - specialized subset can act as APCs
63
what are the granulocytes
neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leuk) eosinophils basophils
64
what are the agranulocytes
monocytes | lymphocytes
65
what do granulobytes participate in
immune response | also circulate in the blood
66
what are the bacteriocidal compounds in neutrophils
lactoferrin lysozyme defensins
67
why are neutrophils referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes
bc of their multilobed nucleus
68
whta are the characterisitcs of neutrophils
1. respond to chemotactic stimuli 2. phagocytic 3. major cell population in the acute inflammatory response
69
what do eosinophilic granules contain compounds for
- compounds which are effective at combating parasites (ex. major basic protein) - histaminase which is an enzyme which breaks down histamine
70
eosinophils are recruited to areas where histamine is relased from basophils and mast cells by....
eosinophil chemotatic factor
71
where are basophils found? whwere are mast cells found
basophils circulate in the blood | mast cells are found in the tissue
72
what do basophils secrete
histamine in respnse to various allergens by a mechanism known as immediate hypersensitiity
73
what do all phagocytic cells start as
monocytes

OD2-Immunology (4 decks)

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