Intro to Immunohematology Flashcards
to ensure that blood for transfusion is properly collected, preserved, stored, and dispensed for later use in blodtransfusion
blood banking
concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood components in the treatment or prevention of disease.
transfusion medicine
first person to advocate transfusion, though he didnt attempt to do it
Andreas Libavius (1615)
envisioned the heart as a pump
Erasistratos
Coined the term “circulation”
Andrea Cesalpino
He is credited with the discovery of circulation in 1616
William Harvey
He performed the first authentic blood transfusion (animal to animal)
Richard Lower
He performed lamb blood transfusion to the carotid artery of a woman (animal to human)
Jean Baptiste Denis and Emmerez
Attempted human-to-human blood transfusion
James Blundell
Father of Modern Blood Banking, discovered ABO blood group system in 1901
Karl Landsteiner
They described AB blood group in 1902
Sturli and DeCastello
They described Rh typing
Landsteiner and Weiner
Applied concept of compatibility testing in an actual transfusion
Ottenberg and Schultz
He suggested that blood groups be made the basis for selection of donors for blood transfusion in 1911
Hektoen
Described antiglobulin testing in 1945
Coombs
He first carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood using multiple syringes
Edward E. Lindemann
He designed syringe-valve apparatus
Unger
He proposed defibrination in 1835
Bischoff
Recommended usage of sodium phosphate
Braxton Hicks
Reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant
Hustin
Determined the minimum amount of sodium citrate needed
Lewisohn
They introduced citrate-dextrose solution
Rous and Turner
Introduced ACD as a preservative in 1943
Loutit and Mollison
He supplanted ACD with CPD in 1957, CPD with adenine in 1965, and CPD-A1 in 1980s
Gibson
First blood bank facility in 1932
Leningrad Russia Hospital
Introduced usage of plastic blood bags
Walter and Murphhy
This revolutionized treatment of Hemophilia A
Component therapy
This changed the donor pool from a paid group to an mandated voluntary donation system
RA 7719
3 areas of RBC biology crucial for normal RBC survival and function
- normal chemical composition and structure of rbc membrane
- hemoglobin structure and function
- rbc metabolism
semi-permeable lipid bilayer of rbc
rbc membrane
extends from outer surface and span the inner cytoplasmic side of rbc
integral membrane proteins
located to the cytoplasmic surface of membrane, forms rbc cytoskeleton
peripheral proteins
to remain viable, normal RBCs should remain flexible
deformability
this, together with active rbc cation transport prevent colloid hemolysis and controls rbc volume
permeability
primary function of hemoglobin
O2 delivery to tissues and CO2 excretion
Most important controls of hemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen
2,3-DPG
normal shape of oxygen dissociation curve
sigmoid
shift to the left of curve indicators
increased: hb affinity to O2 & pH
decreased: delivery of O2 to tissues, 2,3-DPG, CO2 and temp
shift to the right of curve indicators
increased: delivery of O2 to tissues, 2,3-DPG, CO2 and temp
decreased: hb affinity to O2 & pH
anaerobic glycolytic pathway, produces 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, NADH
emben-meyerhof pathway
ancillary pathways
pentose phosphate pathway
methemoglobin reductase pathway
leubering-rapoport shunt
RBC storage lesion characteristics and changes (increases)
lactic acid, K+, hemoglobin
RBC storage lesion characteristics and changes (decreases)
viable cells, glucose, atp, pH, 2,3-DPG, shift to the left
storage time in days of CPDA-1
35 days
strorage time in days of ACD-A, CPD, CP2D
21 days
storage temp of ACD-A, CPD, CP2D and CPDA-1
1-6 degrees C
if seal of pRBC and whole blood is broken, shelf-life is reduced to
24 hours
if heparin is used as anticoagulant, blood is stored for a maximum of
2 days
these are added to pRBCs after removal of the plasma with or without platelets
additive solutions
how much additive solution is added to pRBC
150mL
additive solutions consist of
saline, adenine, glucose
these types of additive solution contain mannitol
AS-1 and AS-5
AS-3 consists of
citrate and phosphate
storage time in days of adsol, nutricel, and optisol
42 days
primarily used for autologous units and storage of rare blood type
frozen rbcs
most commonly used for rbc freezing
high glycerol @ -65c to -80C
frozen rbcs may be stored up to
10 years (naol nagtatagal)
deglycerolization uses what solution
hypertonic solution followed by isotonic solution
types and components of deglycerlization
high glycerol : 12% nacl > 1.6% nacl > 0.9% nacl
low glycerol : 45% nacl > 15% mannitol > 0.9% nacl
agglomeration : 50% glucose and 5% fructose > 0.9% nacl
rejuvenation is addition of ____ to regenerate ATP and 2,3-DPG
pyruvate, inosine, glucose, phosphate, adenosine
RBCs are incubated at ___ for ____ using ____ rejuvenating solution
37C, 1-4hrs, 50mL
identical inherited alleles
homozygous
different inherited genes
heterozygous
dominant phenotype in people who have one copy of allele
dominant allele
recessive phenotype, individuals have two copies
recessive allele
