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Blood Bank > Fundamentals of Immunohema > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Immunohema Flashcards

1
Q

most common forms of blood group antigens

A

glycoproteins
glycolipids
proteins

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2
Q

antibody found in individual’s serum who were previously exposed to rbc antigens. usually IgG

A

rbc immune antibody

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3
Q

antibody found in individual’s serum who have never been previously exposed to rbc antigens. usually IgM

A

non-rbc immune antibody

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4
Q

antibody that decreases the red cell survival. destroys rbc in vivo.

A

clinically significant antibody

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5
Q

antibody produced in response to foreign antigens

A

alloantibody

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6
Q

antibody produced in response to self-antigen

A

autoantibody

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7
Q

characteristics of IgG antibodies

A 
monomer
warm, reacts at 37C
cross placental barrier
poor to good C' activators
usually clinically significant rbc immune antibody
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8
Q

characteristics of IgM antibodies

A 
pentamer
cold, reacts at 4-10C
cannot cross placental barrier
good C' activators
usually not clinically significant, non rbc immune
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9
Q

very clinically significant IgM antibodies

A

ABO antibodies

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10
Q

antibody normally seen in tears, saliva and other secretions

A

IgA

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11
Q

this attaches to basophils or mast cell to facilitate histamine release

A

IgE

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12
Q

theories that keep in vivo rbc distant from each other

A

waters of hydration

electrostatic charges/zeta potential

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13
Q

antibody coating rbc without agglutination, antibody-antigen attachment

A

sensitization

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14
Q

complement mediated lysis of rbc

A

rbc hemolysis

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15
Q

antibody mediated clumping of rbc

A

agglutination

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16
Q

this reaction isn’t seen at IS, RT or LISS phases

A

sensitization

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17
Q

this requires use of an antihuman globulin reagent in direct or indirect AT

A

sensitization

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18
Q

color of AHG reagent

A

green

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19
Q

what is formed when complement is activated in hemolysis

A

MAC(C5b-9)

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20
Q

appearance of supernatant in hemolysis

A

clear and red

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21
Q

why do antibodies against Rh antigens do not bind complement

A

low level of Rh antibodies on rbc surfaces

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22
Q

this is the end product of complement

A

cell lysis

23
Q

two processes of agglutination reaction

A

sensitization

lattice formation

24
Q

refers to corresponding antigenic site

A

epitope

25
Q

refers to corresponding antibody site

A

paratope

26
Q

weak non-specific intermolecular forces involved in sensitization

A

electrostatic forces
hydrogen bonds
hydrophobic forces
van der Waals

27
Q

major binding force

A

hydrophobic bonds

28
Q

Law of Mass Action

A

antigen and antibody complexing is reversible

29
Q

antibody excess

A

prozone

30
Q

antigen excess

A

postzone

31
Q

this illustrate the effect of antigen and antibody mass on lattice formation

A

heildelberg phenomenon

32
Q

factors affecting stage 1 of agglutination

A

temperature
pH
incubation time
ionic strength

33
Q

IgM antibodies bond better at low temp (4-10C) due to ____

A

carbohydrate nature of antigens

34
Q

IgG antibodies bond better at 37C due to ____

A

protein nature of Rh antigens

35
Q

optimal pH in agglutination

A

6.5-7.5

36
Q

incubation time in saline systems

A

60-120mins at 37C

37
Q

LISS and BSA reduce incubation time to ___

A

LISS : 10-15mins

BSA : 3-60mins at 37C

38
Q

the lower the ionic strength, _____

A

higher rate of Ag-Ab association

39
Q

factors affecting stage 2 of agglutination

A 
size of immunoglobulin
number of binding sites
location and number of antigenic determinants
centrifugation
zeta potential
waters of hydration
40
Q

IgG and IgM both require AHG to form lattice formation (t/f)

A

false. IgG only

41
Q

no. of IgG binding site

A

2

42
Q

no. of IgM binding site

A

10

43
Q

this causes false negative result

A

undercentrifugation

44
Q

this causes false positive result

A

overcentrifugation

45
Q

this acts as an insulation bubble around rbc

A

waters of hydration

46
Q

common enhancement media / potentiators used

A

LISS, albumin, AHG

47
Q

this crosslinks sensitized cells causing visible agglutination

A

AHG

48
Q

this causes agglutination by adjusting zeta potential between RBCs

A

22% albumin

49
Q

ths uses low ionic strength to take up antibody more rapidly

A

LISS

50
Q

grading of agglutination reaction strength

A

Neg-4+

51
Q

this typing detects antigen in RBC

A

forward typing

52
Q

this typing deetects antibody in RBC

A

reverse/backward typing

53
Q

cause of rouleaux formation

A

increased proteins (false positive)

54
Q

presence of two cell populations. results of mixture of clumping cells and free cells

A

mixed field agglutination

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