Intro to Immuno Flashcards
innate immunity
- rapid response-hours
- fixed
- limited number of specificities
- constant during response
- common effector mechanisms for the destruction of pathogens
adaptive immunity
- slow response-days to weeks
- variable
- numerous highly selective specificities
- improve during response
- common effector mechanisms for the destruction of pathogens
- can get by with lacking adaptive only;need innate
innate immunity 2
- barriers-skin
- phagocytes
- complement
phagocytosis
-engulfing in membrane bound compartments and degrading
opsonin
-increases the phagocytosis of an object by binding to the object
complement
- group of serum proteins involved in innate and adaptive immunity
- important in inflammation
- important in clearing many bacteria
- can recognize certain types of microorganisms directly or bind to and recognize bound antibody molecules
- can result in lysis of target cell
adaptive immunity 2
- antibodies
- t cell recognition
- cell mediated activation of innate immune system
antibody
- serum proteins that result from specific immune responses
- high affinity binding sites for antigens at one end
- Fc regions at other end, which are sites for effector cells or proteins to bind
- Fc receptors are on immune cells
- antibody is a flexible specific adapter between the target and effector
antigen
- antibody generator
- molecule recognized by an antibody or a t cell receptor
- see picture for all the interactions
CD3
-mature t cells
CD4
T-helper/regulatory
CD8
T cytotoxic
CD28
recognition of presenting cells
CD 40
co stimulatory molecule
CD 40 L
ligand for CD 40
CD 25
IL 2 receptor (high affinity)
Neutrophils
- most abundant
- end cell of myeloid differentiation and doesn’t divide
- circulate for only 12 hrs
- during IF enter tissue and complete life cycle
- contain granules:primary or azurophilic and secondary or specific granules ***
eosinophils
- removed from circulation very fast-half life of 30 min- up to 12 days in tissue
- eospinophilic basic protein-parasitic worms
- EC mechanisms
- granulocyte with basophil
monocytes
-mononuclear
-derived from bone marrow
-when enter tissue due to IF-become better effectors
-may exist in tissues without IF
-intracellular (bacteria, yeast, parasites)
and extracelluar killing (virally infected cells, larger parasites, and tumor cells in vitro)
liver
kupffer cell
skin
histiocyte
CT
histiocyte
brain
microglial cell
bone
osteoclasts
joints
synovial type a cells
lungs
alveolar macrophages
b lymphocytes
- small lymphocyte that expresses immunoglobulin on its surface
- produces antibody
t lymphoctyes
-critical in regulating immune responses as well as the effector function of killing infected cells
cytotoxic t cells
- CD8 cell surface marker
- recognition of target cells is mediated via specific receptors and is called antigen specific
- restricted to killing cells that have self antigen in addition to foreign antigen
- mainly gets infected and tumor cells (virally)
- protozoan parasites
natural killers
- large granular lymphocytes
- kill tumor cells and some virally infected cells without apparent specificity
cytokines
-general term that refers to proteins that will alter the response of the immune system
interferons
- primarily known for the antiviral activity these have been shown to have tumoricidal effects
- stimulate macrophages, T cells, B cells and NK cells
alpha and beta interferons
-sometimes called type I are synthesized by macrophages, fibroblasts, and many other cell types (t cells?)
gamma interferon
- IFN gamma is produced by t cells that are stimulated
- shown to stimulate macrophages and lead to the differentiation of t cells and b cells
IL1
made primarily by macrophages but can be made to a lesser extent by many different cell types
-stimulates t, b cells, liver cells, bone cells, synovial cells, brain cells and muscle cells`
IL2
produced by t cells
t cell GF
may stim b cells and macrophages
IL3
colony stimulating factor CSF
-causes production of many different types of cells
IL4
B cell GF
BSF1 and BCGF1
-t cell stim of b lymphocytes
IL5
b cell GF, differentiation factor, and eosinophil GF
IL6
profound effects on b cells
-principal mediator of the acute phase response of inflammation
BSF2, IFN beta 2, hybridoma stim factor
IL10
stim induction of TH2-cytokines and may suppress TH1 cytokines
IL12
TH1 responses
IL17
involved in inflammation
IL7-35
- may be as important or perhaps more important than 1-6
- very important
colony stimulating factors
- induce growth of bone marrow derived cells both in vivo and in vitro
- stim differentiation and cellula function
- help patients grow more leukocytes
CSF1
macrophage colony formation
GM-CSF
- growth of granulocyte and macrophage colonies
- macrophage activator
G-CSF
- granulocyte colonies
- help pts recover leukocytes after radiation and chemo
multi CSF
-growth of many different myeloid cells IL3
TNF alpa/beta
- involved in immunity to tumors and microorganisms
- named for tumor necrosing power in animals-destruction of blood supply
- potent IF effects
- alpha and beta bind to same receptors-identical effects
TNF alpha
- primary mediator of septic shock in humans-vascular damage and fever
- product of activated macrophages as well as vascular smooth muscles cells and some T cells
- antibodies to this used in clinic to reduce IF
TNF beta
- lymphotoxin
- product of t cells
TH1 and 2 cytokines
- helper t cell clones identified that produce limited group of lymphokines
- helper t cells exist as defined subpops with specific functions
- one population may activate b cells via IL4,5,6 while other may activate mediated immunity by producing IL 2, TNF beta and IFN gamma
consequences of TH1 and 2
- significant
- TH2 to intracellular pathogen would be ineffective
- TH1 to wrong pathogen-tissue damage
- TH2 produces IL10 and suppresses TH1
- IL12 promotes TH1
