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Micro and Immuno > Intro to Immune System > Flashcards

Intro to Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

implications of the role of the immune system in defense against infections

A
  • deficient immunity results in increased susceptibility to infections, exemplified by AIDS
  • vaccination boosts immune defenses and protects against infections
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2
Q

implications of the role of the immune system in defense against tumors

A

Potential for immunotherapy of cancer

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3
Q

implications of the role of the immune system in injuring cells and inducing pathologic inflammation

A

immune responses are the cause of allergic, autoimmune, and other inflammatory diseases

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4
Q

implications of the role of the immune system in recognizing and responding to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins

A

Immune responses are barriers to transplantation and gene therapy

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5
Q

immune system vs immune responses

A

System: collection of cells, tissues, molecules
Response: coordinated action of cells and molecules

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6
Q

first disease to be eradicated due to vaccination

A

Smallpox

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7
Q

innate immunity

A

Immune response that occurs immediately - is always present to block microbe entry. Is NOT antigen specific. First line of defense.

Phagocytes: neutrophils and macrophages. Goal is to ingest a microbe to alert T cells and B cells, not to kill the microbe.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immunity?

A

Cells require specific antigen recognition, expansion, activation, and involve long-lasting memory

B cells and T cells. Takes time for expansions and differentiation of lymphocytes to occur

Antigen specific

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9
Q

B cells

A

Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses -> plasma cells

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10
Q

T cells

A

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
T lymphocytes -> effector T cells

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11
Q

humoral immunity

A

Functions to block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes.
B lymphocytes responding to extracellular microbes using secreted antibodies.

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12
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

Functions to eliminate phagocytosed microbes and kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection.

Helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes function to eliminate phagocytosed microbes that can live within macrophages or intracellular microbes (viruses) replicating within infected cell, respectively.

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13
Q

properties of adaptive immunity

A

Specificity: distinguishes among millions of antigens

Mounts a larger and more effective response to repeated antigen exposures

Undergo proliferation upon activation

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14
Q

clonal selection

A

The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen.

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15
Q

memory response

A

the rapid and enhanced immune response to a subsequent encounter with a familiar antigen; an enhanced cell-mediated immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen

Primary: 1-3 weeks
Secondary: 2-7 days

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16
Q

Your patient has been recovering from implant surgery at home and gets an infection. He leaves 2 hours from a hospital and drives there to get an IV antibiotic treatment. If he were to have a deficiency, which scenario would have the best outcome?

A

B. T and B cells. A response from them would take weeks anyway

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17
Q

Cells of innate immunity

A
  1. macrophage (primary WBC)
  2. natural killer cell
  3. dendritic cell
  4. neutrophil
  5. eosinophil
  6. basophil
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18
Q

cells of adaptive immunity

A

B cells and T cells (CD4+ T cell and CD8+) T cell

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19
Q

cells which overlap between innate immunity and adaptive immunity

A

T cell and Natural Killer T cell

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20
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • blood/lymphoid organs
  • mediators of humoral immunity; specific recognition of antigens
  • (effector function): responsible for neutralization of microbes due to antibody binding to binding sites of microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation
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21
Q

overall function of lymphocytes

A

circulate and initiate a response upon recognition of antigen - circulate from lymph node to lymph node in search of an antigen
(B and T lymphocytes)

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22
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • blood/lymphoid organs
  • mediators of cell-mediated immunity; specific recognition of antigens
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23
Q

overall function of antigen-presenting cells

A

detect presence of microbes
(dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, follicular dendritic cells)

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24
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • antigen presenting cells in tissue/lymphoid organs: capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
  • initiation of T cell responses
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25
Q

macrophages as an antigen presenting cell

A
  • antigen presenting cells in tissue/lymphoid organs: capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
  • effector phase of cell-mediated immunity
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26
Q

follicular dendritic cells

A
  • antigen presenting cells in tissue/lymphoid organs: capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
  • display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses
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27
Q

overall function of effector cells

A

destroy microbes

(T lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes)

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28
Q

T lymphocyte as an effector cell

A
  • travels from blood to infection site
  • elimination of antigens through activation of phagocytes, killing infected cells
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29
Q

macrophages as an effector cell

A
  • travels from blood to infection site
  • elimination of antigens through phagocytosis and killing of microbes
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30
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • travels from blood to infection site
  • elimination of antigens through killing microbes
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31
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells with cytokines after microbial antigen is presented by an antigen presenting cell; also causes inflammation

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32
Q

Regulatory T lymphocytes

A

suppression of immune response

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33
Q

maturation of lymphocytes

A
  1. common lymph precursor in bone marrow
  2. B cells stay in bone marrow to mature; T cells migrate and mature in the thymus
  3. once mature, get into the circulation and go to peripheral lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissue
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34
Q

differentiation of lymphocytes

A

Occurs when the cell binds to antigen; happens in secondary lymphoid organs

antigen recognition -> proliferation -> differentiation

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35
Q

what happens if a naive cell never encounters an antigen?

A

Naive cells survive for weeks to months - Dies without antigen recognition eventually

36
Q

what happens to an effector T cell when the antigen is eliminated?

A

They die

37
Q

Memory cells survive for…

A

long periods, can be many years

38
Q

proportion of memory cells with age

A

increase

39
Q

primary immune tissues

A

bone marrow and thymus

40
Q

secondary immune tissues

A

spleen and lymph nodes

41
Q

tissues of the immune system

A

Bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patch

42
Q

organization of secondary lymphoid organs enables…

A
  • antigen presenting cells to concentrate antigens
  • lymphocytes to locate and respond to antigens
  • cells to interact with each other
43
Q

tissue with the highest number of lymphocytes

A

lymph nodes (190 x 10^9)

44
Q

lymph nodes

A

Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser/filter of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation

*dendritic cells pick up antigens in tissues and migrate to lymph nodes

45
Q

morphology of lymph node

A
  • B cells are
  • T cells in parafollicular cortex
  • antigen gets in through afferent lymphatic vessel, lymphocytes leave through vein
46
Q

function of lymphatic system and lymph node

A
  • concentrate antigens
  • lymph drained into lymph nodes allowing sampling of antigens by antigen presenting cells at the site
47
Q

morphology of spleen

A
  • highly vascularized
  • blood entering the spleen allowing sampling of antigens by antigen presenting cells
  • T cell and B cell zone
48
Q

segregation of T and B cells in the lymph node and spleen

A
  • B cells and follicular dendritic cells are in follicles around the periphery (cortex)
  • T cells and dendritic cells are outside by adjacent to follicles (paracortex)
  • once activated, they migrate towards each other
  • specific receptors on the T cells and B cells respond to chemokine (cytokines) which attract cells; gradient exists
  • B cell zone tissue produces specific chemokine that binds to CXCR5 receptor to attract B cells; T cell receptor is CCR7
49
Q

mucosal immune system

A
  • collection of lymphoid tissues in skin, gut, and lung
  • similar organization as lymph nodes (tonsils, Peyer’s patch), with zones of T and B cells
  • 25% of lymphocytes reside in the mucosal lymphoid tissue so that it is ready to fight against infection
50
Q

chemokine

A

any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection.

51
Q

Migration of T Lymphocytes

A
  • (B cells do not need to migrate because antibodies they release enter the blood)
  • activated T cells migrate in tissues to eliminate microbes
  • T cells get into lymph node and get activated by antigen presenting cells, then go back into circulation into peripheral tissue where they fight infection
52
Q

How does immune response to microbes occur?

A
  • Several steps: antigen recognition, cell activation, antigen elimination
  • innate immunity controls level of infection: inflammation, microbe ingestion and killing by phagocytes, antiviral mechanisms triggered if is viral infection
  • adaptive immunity kicks in a few weeks later: antibodies block infection, T cells, eradicate intracellular microbes
53
Q

phases of adaptive immune response

A
  1. antigen recognition - by naive T and B cells
  2. clonal expansion - cells dividing
  3. differentiation in effector cells - reaches a plateau. B cells making antibodies, T cells making cytokines or killing
  4. contraction via apoptosis
  5. surviving cells become memory cells (takes 3 weeks from start)
54
Q

Immediate immunity where an intruder is recognized and they eat the intruder: monocyte and neutrophil

A

innate immunity

55
Q

Delayed immunity, where lymphocytes possess clonally distributed receptors with fine specificity for antigens. Lymphocytes divide in response to antigens and become effector and memory cells

A

adaptive immunity

56
Q

___ capture antigens and concentrate it in lymphoid organs where the organization allows them to present it to T cells

A

antigen presenting cells

57
Q

___ circulate through lymphoid organs, whereas ___ cells migrate to infection site

A

naive T lymphocytes; effector T cells

58
Q

overall function of lymphocytes

A

circulate and initiate a response upon recognition of antigen

59
Q

T lymphocytes

A
60
Q

overall function of lymphocytes

A
61
Q

overall function of lymphocytes

A
62
Q

What are the characteristics of the innate immunity?

A

Immediate, non antigen specific response, non memory!

(Innate immunity is always present to block microbe entry)

63
Q

_______ immunity requires expansion/differentiation of lymphocytes

A

Adaptive

64
Q

Which type of immunity is antigen specific?

A

Adaptive Immunity
-it can distinguish among millions of antigens

65
Q

______ immunity is mediated by antibodies; extracellular microbe

A

Humoral

66
Q

________ immunity; T lymphocytes - intracellular microbe

A

Cell-mediated

67
Q

Recognizes microbial antigens, on microbes or host cell surface

A

Adaptive Immunity

68
Q

What is the function of Humoral immunity

A

Block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes

69
Q

What is the function of Cell-mediated immunity

A

-Elimination of phagocytosed microbes
-Kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection

70
Q

What is the time frame of Primary memory response?

A

1-3 weeks
(this is when B cells and T cells are recognizing antigen for the 1st time)

71
Q

What is the time frame of Secondary memory response?

A

2-7 days
(mounts larger and more effective responses to repeated antigen exposures)

72
Q

Circulates and initiates response upon recognition of antigen

A

Lymphocytes
-B lymphocytes: mediators of humoral immunity
-T lymphocytes: mediators of cell-mediated immunity

73
Q

Detects presence of microbes

A

Antigen-presenting cells
-Dendritic cells: initiation of T cell responses
-Macrophages: effector phase of cell-mediated immunity

74
Q

Destroys microbes

A

Effector cells
-T lymphocytes: activation of phagocytes, killing infected cells
-Macrophages: phagocytosis and killing of microbes
-Granulocytes: killing microbes

75
Q

Survive for weeks-months and die if no antigen

A

Naive T/B cells

76
Q

Short lived and die when the antigen is eliminated

A

Effector T/B cells

77
Q

Survive for long periods of time

A

Memory T/B cells

78
Q

Organization of secondary lymphoid organs enables…

A
  • Antigen presenting cells to concentrate antigens
  • Lymphocytes to locate and respond to antigens
  • Cells to interact with each other
79
Q

Lymph draining into lymph nodes…

A

-Concentrates antigens
-Allows sampling of antigens by antigen presenting cells at the site

80
Q

Lymph Node morphology

A

-Distinct B and T cells zones
-Dendritic cells (DC) pick up antigens in tissues and migrate to lymph nodes

81
Q

Morphology of Spleen

A

-Distinct T cell and B cell zones
-Blood entered the spleen, allowing sampling of antigens by antigen presenting cells (APC)

82
Q

Activated T cells migrate in tissues to eliminate ________

A

microbes

83
Q

Mucosal Immune System

A

Similar organization as lymph nodes (tonsils, Peyer’s patch)

84
Q

B cells are attracted in follicles around the ________ (______)

A

periphery (cortex)

CXCR5 binds to CXCL5

85
Q

T cells are attracted outside but adjacent to ________ (________)

A

follicles (paracortex)

CCR7 binds to CCL19

86
Q

List the phases of Adaptive Immune Responses

A

1) Antigen recognition

2) Clonal expansion (now cells are activated)

3) Differentiation in effector cells

4) Contraction via apoptosis (most of the cells die but some survive)

5) Memory cells (surviving cells become memory cells)

Micro and Immuno (17 decks)

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