Intro to ID

Question 1

WHat are kochs postulates?

Who discovered PCN?

Who discovered microorganisms?

Who is Ignas Semmelwise?

Who is the founder of germ theory?

Who is edward jenner?

Answer 1

isolate the strain, put it in

• used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
• -isolate microorganism from dead animal
• -identify microorganism and culture it
• -inject into healthy animal and produce disease.
• isolate the disease producing microorganism and make sure it was the initial bug.

PCN- flemming

Microorgainisms-Pasteur (fermentation)

-Ignaz is an advocate for hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB pt
another.

• germ theory was Joseph Lister
• jenner: smallpox/cowpox

Question 2

Normal flora exhibit mutualism and commensalism, what are these?

Answer 2

• Mutualism- a mutually beneficial association between two organisms.
• Commensalism: an association between two organisms wherein one organism may benefit but neither is harmed.

Question 3

What are opportunistic organisms?

Answer 3

-bugs who usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, in a compromised immune system however the pathogen becomes infectious.

Question 4

Factors Required for Infection to occur?

Answer 4

• contact the host- must be transmissible
• colonize the host- adhere to and grow or multiply on host surfaces
• infect the host- proliferate in host cells or tissues
• evade the host defense system- by avoiding contact that will damage it
• damage host tissues- by physical or chemical means

Question 5

What is the incubation period?

Answer 5

-the period in which the pathogen replicates without any recognizable sx

Question 6

What are the stages in disease course?

Answer 6

• prodromal stage: initial appearance of sx in host, clinical presentation may be very vague, fever, HA, myalgia.
• Acute Stage: host experiences maximum impact due to rapid proliferation and dissemination of pathogen, toxic byproducts of microbial metabolism, cell lysis, and immune response.
• Convalescent period: containment of infection, progressive elimination of pathogen, repair or damaged tissue, and resolution of sx. **TOTAL elimination of pathogen from the body without residual signs or sx.

Question 7

Disease may be insidious of fulminant..what does this mean?

Answer 7

• insidious- the prodromal period is lengthy

- fulminant- abrupt onset of sx with little or no prodrome.

Question 8

Is the portal of entry the final site of infection?

Answer 8

-NO!!!!

Question 9

Sources of infection:

• endogenous
• exogenous
• Zoonoses
• nosocomial
• community aquired

Answer 9

• endo: from pt own normal flora
• exo: from outside source
• Zoo: diseases passed from other animals to humans
• Nosocomial: hospital acquired infections

Question 10

What are some of the main clinical manifestations suggestive of infection?

Answer 10

• fever/chills
• myalgia/fatigue
• lymphadenopathy
• splenomegaly
• GI upset
• Leukocytosis, leukopenia

Question 11

What is incidence mean?

Answer 11

-the NUMBER of new cases of an infectious disease that occur WITHIN A DEFINED POPULATION over TIME.

Question 12

What is:
endemic
epidemic
pandemic?

Answer 12

endemic: disease numbers in a geographical area if the incidence and prevalence are expected and relatively stable
epidemic: an abrupt unexpected increase in the incidence over endemic rates
pandemic: spread of disease beyond continental boundaries.

Question 13

What is your approach to identifying infectious disease?

Answer 13

1. comprehensive hx, risk factors, allergies/meds, transmission issues

2A.) CBC, direct microscopy, Indirect evidence (agglutination)

2B.) Directed or complete examination

2C.) Definitive dx, Culture, serology (4x increase in IGM), clinical course