Intro To Human Factors Flashcards
ADM
Aeronautical Decision Making
What percentage of accidents are human factor related?
70%
What are the steps for good decision making?
- Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight
- Learning behavior modification techniques
- Learning how to recognize and cope with stress
- Developing risk assessment skills
- Using all resources
- Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s ADM skills
What is the difference between Hazard and Risk?
Hazard - a real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters
Risk - an assessment of the single or cumulative hazard facing a pilot; however different pilots see hazards differently
What are the five hazardous attitudes?
- Anti-authority: “Don’t tell me.” (ex. Checklist not being followed)
- Impulsivity: “Do it quickly.” (ex. The door flap being open, landing on antelope island)
- Invulnerability: “It won’t happen to me” (ex. thunderstorms)
- Macho: “I can do it.” (ex. Strong crosswinds, not prepared, crashes)
- Resignation: “What’s the use?” (ex. Running out of fuel bc you didn’t let ATC know)
IMSAFE Checklist
I - Illness
M - Medication
S - Stress
A - Alcohol
F - Fatigue
E - Emotion/Eating
PAVE Checklist
P - Pilot
A - Aircraft
V - Environment
E - External pressures
SRM
Single Pilot Resource Management
5 Categories of SRM
PIC Responsibility
Effective Communication
Resource Use
Workload Management
Situational Awareness (SA)
What are some Communication Concepts?
Exchange of ideas, information or instruction
Effective Listening
Barriers to CommunicationVerbal and nonverbal communication
PIC Concepts
Self Assessment
– Am I fit for flight?
– How long has it been since I’ve flown this aircraft?
– Am I prepared to handle an emergency?
Hazardous Attitudes
– Learn to recognized and correct these attitudes
Interpersonal Relationships
– Establish the proper relationship with other people on board the aircraft
Resource Use Concepts
Resources are sometimes found in unusual places
Resource Recognition
Internal Resources
External Resources
Workload Management Concepts
Avoid work overload by planning, prioritizing and sequencing tasks
Planning and Preparation
Prioritizing
Work Overload
Situational Awareness Concepts
Operational Conditions
Environmental Conditions
Obstacles to Maintaining Situational Awareness
What is Situational Awareness?
Situational awareness is the accurate perception of the operational environmental factors which affect the pilot, the aircraft and the passengers
The Five “P’s” of risk
Pilot
Passengers
Plane
Programming
Plan
DECIDE Model
D - Detect that a change has occurred
E - Estimate the need to counter or react
to the change
C - Choose a desirable outcome for the
flight
I - Identify the actions that will chive the
desired outcome
D - Do the necessary actions
E - Evaluate the effect of the actions and
determine if further actions are
needed
What is an Accident?
Accident - any person suffers death or serious injury, or the aircraft receives a substantial damage
What is an Incident?
Incident - occurrence other tan an accidents which affects the safety of operations
PIC Responsibility
IMSAFE checklist
Personal minimums
Hazardous attitudes
Health
Stress Level
Fatigue
Knowledge and skill level
Attitude
Effective Communication
When in doubt, verify instructions with ATC
Read back all clearances, especially ones that require you to hold short of a runway
Be alert for similar call signs (ex N240TS and N350TS)
Always use your call sign to acknowledge a transmission
If you feel ATC didn’t fully understand your request, ask them to confirm
Communication in the Cockpit
Be sure to brief:
Valuable safety information (fire extinguishers, emergency landings, etc)
Review normal procedures (looking for traffic, how to use seat belts, sterile cockpit, etc)
Define roles and responsibilities (establish PIC, and if flying with another pilot, determine who is doing what)
Encourage passengers to voice any questions or concerns during the flight (they notice an unusual sound, a passenger isn’t feeling well, etc)
Sterile cockpit
During taxi and critical phases of flight (takeoff and landing), eliminate non-essential conversations
Discuss items only necessary for the flight, such as the taxi route, procedures, etc
Do not talk about non-essential items such as the latest news on CNN, what you had for lunch, etc. Focus on the flight
Wait until cruise to have more leisurely conversations
Communication barriers
Barriers to communication can hinder our understanding of the message you are trying to convey or receive
Lack of common experience
ATC instructs you to contact ground on “point niner”. This is your first time at a controlled airport and you aren’t sure what they mean
To overcome this barrier, learn the proper terminology for both controlled and uncontrolled airspace, and ask questions to verify the information
Misuse of terminology
You tell the other pilot that you”have the airplane” meaning you have the traffic in sight. He thinks you meant that you have the airplane and are taking the flight controls from him, so he takes his hands off the controls
Overcome this barrier by using concrete and specific words and following popper communication procedures
Resource use
During flight, use all available resources to you
Internal resources
Your own knowledge and skills
Checklists
Aircraft POH/AFM
Aeronautical charts, chart supplements, aviation apps, etc
Other pilots/passengers
External resources
ATC Flight service station
Other pilots flying etc
Workload management
Manage your workload so you don’t become overwhelmed during critical phases of flight
Prepare for high workload times
