Intro To Human Factors

Question 1

ADM

Answer 1

Aeronautical Decision Making

Question 2

What percentage of accidents are human factor related?

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

What are the steps for good decision making?

Answer 3

1. Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight
2. Learning behavior modification techniques
3. Learning how to recognize and cope with stress
4. Developing risk assessment skills
5. Using all resources
6. Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s ADM skills

Question 4

What is the difference between Hazard and Risk?

Answer 4

Hazard - a real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters
Risk - an assessment of the single or cumulative hazard facing a pilot; however different pilots see hazards differently

Question 5

What are the five hazardous attitudes?

Answer 5

1. Anti-authority: “Don’t tell me.” (ex. Checklist not being followed)
2. Impulsivity: “Do it quickly.” (ex. The door flap being open, landing on antelope island)
3. Invulnerability: “It won’t happen to me” (ex. thunderstorms)
4. Macho: “I can do it.” (ex. Strong crosswinds, not prepared, crashes)
5. Resignation: “What’s the use?” (ex. Running out of fuel bc you didn’t let ATC know)

Question 6

IMSAFE Checklist

Answer 6

I - Illness
M - Medication
S - Stress
A - Alcohol
F - Fatigue
E - Emotion/Eating

Question 7

PAVE Checklist

Answer 7

P - Pilot
A - Aircraft
V - Environment
E - External pressures

Question 8

SRM

Answer 8

Single Pilot Resource Management

Question 9

5 Categories of SRM

Answer 9

PIC Responsibility
Effective Communication
Resource Use
Workload Management
Situational Awareness (SA)

Question 10

What are some Communication Concepts?

Answer 10

Exchange of ideas, information or instruction
Effective Listening
Barriers to CommunicationVerbal and nonverbal communication

Question 11

PIC Concepts

Answer 11

Self Assessment
– Am I fit for flight?
– How long has it been since I’ve flown this aircraft?
– Am I prepared to handle an emergency?
Hazardous Attitudes
– Learn to recognized and correct these attitudes
Interpersonal Relationships
– Establish the proper relationship with other people on board the aircraft

Question 12

Resource Use Concepts

Answer 12

Resources are sometimes found in unusual places
Resource Recognition
Internal Resources
External Resources

Question 13

Workload Management Concepts

Answer 13

Avoid work overload by planning, prioritizing and sequencing tasks
Planning and Preparation
Prioritizing
Work Overload

Question 14

Situational Awareness Concepts

Answer 14

Operational Conditions
Environmental Conditions
Obstacles to Maintaining Situational Awareness

Question 15

What is Situational Awareness?

Answer 15

Situational awareness is the accurate perception of the operational environmental factors which affect the pilot, the aircraft and the passengers

Question 16

The Five “P’s” of risk

Answer 16

Pilot
Passengers
Plane
Programming
Plan

Question 17

DECIDE Model

Answer 17

D - Detect that a change has occurred
E - Estimate the need to counter or react
to the change
C - Choose a desirable outcome for the
flight
I - Identify the actions that will chive the
desired outcome
D - Do the necessary actions
E - Evaluate the effect of the actions and
determine if further actions are
needed

Question 18

What is an Accident?

Answer 18

Accident - any person suffers death or serious injury, or the aircraft receives a substantial damage

Question 19

What is an Incident?

Answer 19

Incident - occurrence other tan an accidents which affects the safety of operations

Question 20

PIC Responsibility

Answer 20

IMSAFE checklist
Personal minimums
Hazardous attitudes

Health
Stress Level
Fatigue
Knowledge and skill level
Attitude

Question 21

Effective Communication

Answer 21

When in doubt, verify instructions with ATC
Read back all clearances, especially ones that require you to hold short of a runway
Be alert for similar call signs (ex N240TS and N350TS)
Always use your call sign to acknowledge a transmission
If you feel ATC didn’t fully understand your request, ask them to confirm

Question 22

Communication in the Cockpit

Answer 22

Be sure to brief:
Valuable safety information (fire extinguishers, emergency landings, etc)
Review normal procedures (looking for traffic, how to use seat belts, sterile cockpit, etc)
Define roles and responsibilities (establish PIC, and if flying with another pilot, determine who is doing what)
Encourage passengers to voice any questions or concerns during the flight (they notice an unusual sound, a passenger isn’t feeling well, etc)
Sterile cockpit
During taxi and critical phases of flight (takeoff and landing), eliminate non-essential conversations
Discuss items only necessary for the flight, such as the taxi route, procedures, etc
Do not talk about non-essential items such as the latest news on CNN, what you had for lunch, etc. Focus on the flight
Wait until cruise to have more leisurely conversations

Question 23

Communication barriers

Answer 23

Barriers to communication can hinder our understanding of the message you are trying to convey or receive
Lack of common experience
ATC instructs you to contact ground on “point niner”. This is your first time at a controlled airport and you aren’t sure what they mean
To overcome this barrier, learn the proper terminology for both controlled and uncontrolled airspace, and ask questions to verify the information
Misuse of terminology
You tell the other pilot that you”have the airplane” meaning you have the traffic in sight. He thinks you meant that you have the airplane and are taking the flight controls from him, so he takes his hands off the controls
Overcome this barrier by using concrete and specific words and following popper communication procedures

Question 24

Resource use

Answer 24

During flight, use all available resources to you
Internal resources
Your own knowledge and skills
Checklists
Aircraft POH/AFM
Aeronautical charts, chart supplements, aviation apps, etc
Other pilots/passengers
External resources
ATC Flight service station
Other pilots flying etc

Question 25

Workload management

Answer 25

Manage your workload so you don’t become overwhelmed during critical phases of flight
Prepare for high workload times