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Anatomy Weeks 3-4 (+ Histology) > intro to histology > Flashcards

intro to histology Flashcards

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1
Q

GAGs stands for

A

glycosoaminoglycans

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2
Q

“avascular” means

A

the structure / tissue does not contain blood vessels

-ex. epithelial cells receive nourishment from diffusion through basal lamina

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3
Q

“apical” means

A

away from basement membrane

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4
Q

“squamous” means

A

flat

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5
Q

multiple tissues make up an …

A

organ

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6
Q

the 2 types of attachment that epithelial cells have

A

to each other

to their basement membrane

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7
Q

4 characteristics of epithelial cells

A

-all nearly identical
-have polarity / sense of direction
-do not move location when healthy
-avascular

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8
Q

3 types of surfaces on epithelial cells

A

-apical (free) surface
-lateral surface (between cells)
-basal surface (basement)

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9
Q

epithelial tissue / epithelium is classified / categorized by what 2 things?

A

of layers
(simple vs stratified)

cell shape
(squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

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10
Q

the basement membrane of epithelium comes from where?

A

is secreted from its own epithelial cells

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11
Q

what is the name of the layer of epithelial cells that attaches to the basement membrane? what do they contain?

A

basal layer

stem cells

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12
Q

what are the 3 layers of the basement membrane in epithelium?
(in order of closest to cell –> more deep to cell)

A

lamina lucida

lamina densa

lamina reticularis (reticular lamina)

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13
Q

what is the major component of the lamina lucida?

A

laminin

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14
Q

what is the major component of the lamina densa?

A

type 4 collagen

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15
Q

what is the major component of the lamina reticularis?

A

type 3 collagen

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16
Q

why does an ulcer form? (anywhere in the body)

A

if epithelium falls off from the tissue

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17
Q

why is epithelium falling off from tissue considered a pre-cancerous step?

A

bc now there is nothing preventing that cell from migrating

a migrating cell = a cancerous cell

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18
Q

what is the function and structure of laminin?

A

attaches cells to basement membrane

contains hemidesmosomes, that are attached to lamin by integrins

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19
Q

what is a hemidesmosome?

A

half of a desmosome

has cadherin that anchors cell to basement membrane

looks like a button too, but doesn’t “snap” together with anything bc there is no second half to snap into

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20
Q

4 categories of epithelial layers

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified
transitional

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21
Q

what is simple epithelium? is it permeable to water?

A

single layer

permeable to water

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22
Q

what is stratified epithelium? 1 characteristic?

A

multiple layers

impermeable to water

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23
Q

what is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

single layer
(but appears like it has multiple layers)

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24
Q

what is transitional epithelium?

A

number of layers changes throughout

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25
Q

4 characteristics of simple squamous epithelium

(# of layers, cell type, contents, function)

A

-single layer
-thin, flat cells
-just cytoplasm, no organelles
-only function = being a barrier

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26
Q

1 example of simple squamous epithelium

A

alveolar lining of lung

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27
Q

4 characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium

(# of layers, cell type, contents, function)

A

-single layer
-cube
-cytoplasm, some organelles
-could have function such as secreting, absorbing, etc.

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28
Q

1 example of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

tubules in kidney

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29
Q

4 characteristics of simple columnar epithelium

(# of layers, cell type, contents, special component)

A

-single layer
-columnar (height = 2-3x more than width)
-a lot of cytoplasm and organelles
-has CILIA or microvilli

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30
Q

1 example of simple columnar epithelium

A

lining of GI tract

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31
Q

4 characteristics of stratified epithelium

(# of layers, special layer, 2 cell types, function)

A

-multiple layers
-contains basal layer w stem cells
-cells: keratinized or non-keratinized
-provides strength / protection

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32
Q

1 example of stratified epithelium

A

skin

33
Q

what do cells look like in keratinized stratified epithelium?

A

cells contain more and more keratin as they get closer to surface

cells on actual surface = just a sack of keratin (no nuclei, etc.)
-> then they slough off

34
Q

what outermost layer does keratinized stratified epithelium have?

A

layer of keratin

35
Q

3 characteristics of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

(# of layers, special component, contents)

A

-appears like it has multiple layers, but only has one layer
-have CILIA
-can have Goblet cells

36
Q

how can you identify pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

nuclei do not go all the way to the surface

cilia are present

37
Q

1 example of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

nasal cavity / upper respiratory tract

38
Q

what are Goblet cells?
(location and function)

A

located near the surface of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

secrete mucous

39
Q

2 characteristics of transitional epithelium

(# of layers, cell organization)

A

-changes number of layers as the cavity needs more / less space
-can reorganize to become next to each other vs. on top of each other

40
Q

1 example of transitional epithelium

A

urinary bladder / urinary tract

41
Q

what is glandular epithelium?
(can be 2 different epithelium types)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium + exocrine glands
OR
simple columnar epithelium + exocrine glands

42
Q

what is an exocrine gland?
(location and function)

A

in glandular epithelium

forms a duct (w secretory portion & transporting portion)

43
Q

what is the function of junctional complexes?

A

attaches epithelial cells to each other

44
Q

what are the 3 components of junctional complexes?

A

zonula occludens (tight junctions)
zonula adherens (anchoring junctions)
macula adherens (desomosomes)

45
Q

what are zonula occludens?
(other name, appearance, function)

A

-tight junctions
-a stitched seam
-occludes space between cells, controlling what goes between cells

46
Q

what are zonula adherens?
(other name, appearance, 2 components of structure)

A

-anchoring junctions
-ziploc seal
-cadherin outside - seals w cadherin on neighboring cell
-parallel actin inside

47
Q

what are macula adherens?
(other name, appearance, 3 components of structure)

A

-desmosomes
-snap buttons
-cadherin outside - snaps w cadherin on neighboring cell
-perpendicular actin inside
-cytokeratin that connects button to cytoskeleton of originating cell

48
Q

what is the structure of gap junctions?

A

-two circular connexons (cutting through entire lipid bilayer of each membrane)
-one connexon = 6 connexins (protein subunits)

49
Q

what is the function of gap junctions? how do they benefit epithelium?

A

-ion channels between cells
(ex. allows passage of Ca2+, Na2+)

-enable epithelium to work as one unit bc they are free-flowing holes

50
Q

what are microvilli?
(structure, 1 characteristic, 1 function)

A

outer-layer = glycocalyx
core = actin and myosin

-are stationary
-increase surface area of cells = increase function

51
Q

what is glycocalyx? location?

A

sticky sugar coat

-outer layer of microvilli

52
Q

what are cilia?
(origination, structure, size comparison to microvilli)

A

-grows from basal body
-an axoneme
-much larger / longer than microvilli

53
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

-actively mobile, hydrolyze ATP (via nanomotor)
-moves stuff up and down canals
-enables sensory function (ex. smell)

54
Q

what is the structure of an axoneme?

A

-one central microtubule doublet
-surrounded by 9 microtubule doublets

doublets linked by proteins Nexin and Dynein
(they change shape / bend when activated by ATP - which moves the doublets = moves the cilia)

55
Q

what is connective tissue?
(function, 3 components of structure, origination)

A

-fills space, allows motility

  1. fibroblasts
  2. fibers
  3. ground substance

-originates from mesenchyme

56
Q

what are fibroblasts?
(cell shape, nucleus shape, location)

A

spindle-shaped

“stretched” nucleus

ECM in between cells

57
Q

difference between connective tissue vs. ECM

A

connective tissue = includes cells + non-cellular matrix (ECM)

ECM = just non-cellular part of tissue

58
Q

what are the 2 major components of the ECM?

A

-ground substance (fills space between fibers)

-fibers (fibrillar proteins)

59
Q

what is the ground substance?
(structure and function)

A

-composed of gel-like GAGs
-responsible for skin turgor (bc it traps water and makes skin squishy)

60
Q

what are 4 major fibers (fibrillar proteins)?
what is the function of fibrillar proteins?

A

-collagen
-fibrillin & elastin
-fibronectin

-responsible for skin wrinkles

61
Q

what are the 3 main types of collagen?

A

type 1 collagen
type 3 collagen
type 4 collagen

62
Q

what is type 1 collagen?
(function, location)

A

-most common
-provides structure / a lot of strength

-bones, muscles, tendons

63
Q

what is type 3 collagen?
(other name, 2 structure components, function, location)

A

aka reticular fibers

-has small chambers in ECM for cells to move through
-heavily glycosylated
-for tissues that have a lot of cell trafficking

-bone marrow (traffics RBCs, WBCs, etc.)

64
Q

what is the location of type 4 collagen?

A

lamina densa (of basement membrane)

65
Q

elastin + fibrillin =

A

elastic fibers

66
Q

what are elastic fibers?
(location in connective tissue, 1 location in body, and function)

A

proteins in ECM

aorta

provides elasticity

67
Q

what is fibronectin?

A

-a glycoprotein
-most common glycoprotein in ECM
-connects connective tissue cells to the ECM

68
Q

what is loose connective tissue?
(definition, collagen + fiber type, 1 characteristic, function)

A

-loose fibers
-type 3 collagen + elastic fibers
-these cells have high turnover
-the fibers being loose allows immune cells to freely come and go

69
Q

what is an example of loose connective tissue?

A

lamina propria (underneath epithelium)

70
Q

what is dense regular connective tissue?
(definition, collagen type, example)

A

-PARALLEL densely packed collagen fibers
-type 1 collagen
-ex. tendons / ligaments (sustains 1-directional force)

71
Q

what is dense irregular connective tissue?
(definition, collagen type, example)

A

-interwoven SPAGHETTI-like densely packed collagen fibers
-type 1 collagen
-ex. reticular layer of dermis

72
Q

what is reticular connective tissue?
(definition, collagen type, function, example)

A

-has tiny chambers
-type 3 collagen
-traffics cells between its chambers
-lymph nodes

73
Q

all adipose tissue is =

A

loose connective tissue that contains a lot of fat

74
Q

what is WHITE adipose tissue?
(structure and function)

A

-lobules within loose connective tissue
-stores and mobilizes TAGs

75
Q

what are the 2 ways WHITE adipose tissue is stored?

A

90% stored subcutaneously (ex. stomach)
10% stored viscerally (ex. surrounding intestines)

76
Q

what is a disease that you are more likely to develop when visceral white fat accounts for more than 10% of total white fat?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

77
Q

what is BROWN adipose tissue?
(structure, location, function)

A

-just have little dots of fat
-only around adrenal glands
-controls body temperature

78
Q

what is the basal lamina?

A

lamina lucida + lamina densa

(so basal lamina = 2/3rd of basement membrane)

Anatomy Weeks 3-4 (+ Histology) (4 decks)

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