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Anatomy Weeks 3-4 (+ Histology) > intro to histology > Flashcards

intro to histology Flashcards

1
Q

GAGs stands for

A

glycosoaminoglycans

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2
Q

“avascular” means

A

the structure / tissue does not contain blood vessels

-ex. epithelial cells receive nourishment from diffusion through basal lamina

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3
Q

“apical” means

A

away from basement membrane

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4
Q

“squamous” means

A

flat

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5
Q

multiple tissues make up an …

A

organ

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6
Q

the 2 types of attachment that epithelial cells have

A

to each other

to their basement membrane

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7
Q

4 characteristics of epithelial cells

A

-all nearly identical
-have polarity / sense of direction
-do not move location when healthy
-avascular

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8
Q

3 types of surfaces on epithelial cells

A

-apical (free) surface
-lateral surface (between cells)
-basal surface (basement)

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9
Q

epithelial tissue / epithelium is classified / categorized by what 2 things?

A

of layers
(simple vs stratified)

cell shape
(squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

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10
Q

the basement membrane of epithelium comes from where?

A

is secreted from its own epithelial cells

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11
Q

what is the name of the layer of epithelial cells that attaches to the basement membrane? what do they contain?

A

basal layer

stem cells

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12
Q

what are the 3 layers of the basement membrane in epithelium?
(in order of closest to cell –> more deep to cell)

A

lamina lucida

lamina densa

lamina reticularis (reticular lamina)

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13
Q

what is the major component of the lamina lucida?

A

laminin

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14
Q

what is the major component of the lamina densa?

A

type 4 collagen

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15
Q

what is the major component of the lamina reticularis?

A

type 3 collagen

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16
Q

why does an ulcer form? (anywhere in the body)

A

if epithelium falls off from the tissue

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17
Q

why is epithelium falling off from tissue considered a pre-cancerous step?

A

bc now there is nothing preventing that cell from migrating

a migrating cell = a cancerous cell

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18
Q

what is the function and structure of laminin?

A

attaches cells to basement membrane

contains hemidesmosomes, that are attached to lamin by integrins

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19
Q

what is a hemidesmosome?

A

half of a desmosome

has cadherin that anchors cell to basement membrane

looks like a button too, but doesn’t “snap” together with anything bc there is no second half to snap into

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20
Q

4 categories of epithelial layers

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified
transitional

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21
Q

what is simple epithelium? is it permeable to water?

A

single layer

permeable to water

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22
Q

what is stratified epithelium? 1 characteristic?

A

multiple layers

impermeable to water

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23
Q

what is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

single layer
(but appears like it has multiple layers)

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24
Q

what is transitional epithelium?

A

number of layers changes throughout

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25
4 characteristics of simple squamous epithelium (# of layers, cell type, contents, function)
-single layer -thin, flat cells -just cytoplasm, no organelles -only function = being a barrier
26
1 example of simple squamous epithelium
alveolar lining of lung
27
4 characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium (# of layers, cell type, contents, function)
-single layer -cube -cytoplasm, some organelles -could have function such as secreting, absorbing, etc.
28
1 example of simple cuboidal epithelium
tubules in kidney
29
4 characteristics of simple columnar epithelium (# of layers, cell type, contents, special component)
-single layer -columnar (height = 2-3x more than width) -a lot of cytoplasm and organelles -has CILIA or microvilli
30
1 example of simple columnar epithelium
lining of GI tract
31
4 characteristics of stratified epithelium (# of layers, special layer, 2 cell types, function)
-multiple layers -contains basal layer w stem cells -cells: keratinized or non-keratinized -provides strength / protection
32
1 example of stratified epithelium
skin
33
what do cells look like in *keratinized* stratified epithelium?
cells contain more and more keratin as they get closer to surface cells on actual surface = just a sack of keratin (no nuclei, etc.) -> then they slough off
34
what outermost layer does *keratinized* stratified epithelium have?
layer of keratin
35
3 characteristics of pseudostratified columnar epithelium (# of layers, special component, contents)
-appears like it has multiple layers, but only has one layer -have CILIA -can have Goblet cells
36
how can you identify pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
nuclei do not go all the way to the surface cilia are present
37
1 example of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nasal cavity / upper respiratory tract
38
what are Goblet cells? (location and function)
located near the surface of pseudostratified columnar epithelium secrete mucous
39
2 characteristics of transitional epithelium (# of layers, cell organization)
-changes number of layers as the cavity needs more / less space -can reorganize to become next to each other vs. on top of each other
40
1 example of transitional epithelium
urinary bladder / urinary tract
41
what is glandular epithelium? (can be 2 different epithelium types)
simple cuboidal epithelium + exocrine glands OR simple columnar epithelium + exocrine glands
42
what is an exocrine gland? (location and function)
in glandular epithelium forms a duct (w secretory portion & transporting portion)
43
what is the function of junctional complexes?
attaches epithelial cells to each other
44
what are the 3 components of junctional complexes?
zonula occludens (tight junctions) zonula adherens (anchoring junctions) macula adherens (desomosomes)
45
what are zonula occludens? (other name, appearance, function)
-tight junctions -a stitched seam -occludes space between cells, controlling what goes between cells
46
what are zonula adherens? (other name, appearance, 2 components of structure)
-anchoring junctions -ziploc seal -cadherin outside - seals w cadherin on neighboring cell -parallel actin inside
47
what are macula adherens? (other name, appearance, 3 components of structure)
-desmosomes -snap buttons -cadherin outside - snaps w cadherin on neighboring cell -perpendicular actin inside -cytokeratin that connects button to cytoskeleton of originating cell
48
what is the structure of gap junctions?
-two circular connexons (cutting through entire lipid bilayer of each membrane) -one connexon = 6 connexins (protein subunits)
49
what is the function of gap junctions? how do they benefit epithelium?
-ion channels between cells (ex. allows passage of Ca2+, Na2+) -enable epithelium to work as one unit bc they are free-flowing holes
50
what are microvilli? (structure, 1 characteristic, 1 function)
outer-layer = glycocalyx core = actin and myosin -are stationary -increase surface area of cells = increase function
51
what is glycocalyx? location?
sticky sugar coat -outer layer of microvilli
52
what are cilia? (origination, structure, size comparison to microvilli)
-grows from basal body -an axoneme -much larger / longer than microvilli
53
what is the function of cilia?
-actively mobile, hydrolyze ATP (via nanomotor) -moves stuff up and down canals -enables sensory function (ex. smell)
54
what is the structure of an axoneme?
-one central microtubule doublet -surrounded by 9 microtubule doublets doublets linked by proteins Nexin and Dynein (they change shape / bend when activated by ATP - which moves the doublets = moves the cilia)
55
what is connective tissue? (function, 3 components of structure, origination)
-fills space, allows motility 1. fibroblasts 2. fibers 3. ground substance -originates from mesenchyme
56
what are fibroblasts? (cell shape, nucleus shape, location)
spindle-shaped "stretched" nucleus ECM in between cells
57
difference between connective tissue vs. ECM
connective tissue = includes cells + non-cellular matrix (ECM) ECM = just non-cellular part of tissue
58
what are the 2 major components of the ECM?
-ground substance (fills space between fibers) -fibers (fibrillar proteins)
59
what is the ground substance? (structure and function)
-composed of gel-like GAGs -responsible for skin turgor (bc it traps water and makes skin squishy)
60
what are 4 major fibers (fibrillar proteins)? what is the function of fibrillar proteins?
-collagen -fibrillin & elastin -fibronectin -responsible for skin wrinkles
61
what are the 3 main types of collagen?
type 1 collagen type 3 collagen type 4 collagen
62
what is type 1 collagen? (function, location)
-most common -provides structure / a lot of strength -bones, muscles, tendons
63
what is type 3 collagen? (other name, 2 structure components, function, location)
aka reticular fibers -has small chambers in ECM for cells to move through -heavily glycosylated -for tissues that have a lot of cell trafficking -bone marrow (traffics RBCs, WBCs, etc.)
64
what is the location of type 4 collagen?
lamina densa (of basement membrane)
65
elastin + fibrillin =
elastic fibers
66
what are elastic fibers? (location in connective tissue, 1 location in body, and function)
proteins in ECM aorta provides elasticity
67
what is fibronectin?
-a glycoprotein -most common glycoprotein in ECM -connects connective tissue cells to the ECM
68
what is loose connective tissue? (definition, collagen + fiber type, 1 characteristic, function)
-loose fibers -type 3 collagen + elastic fibers -these cells have high turnover -the fibers being loose allows immune cells to freely come and go
69
what is an example of loose connective tissue?
lamina propria (underneath epithelium)
70
what is dense regular connective tissue? (definition, collagen type, example)
-PARALLEL densely packed collagen fibers -type 1 collagen -ex. tendons / ligaments (sustains 1-directional force)
71
what is dense irregular connective tissue? (definition, collagen type, example)
-interwoven SPAGHETTI-like densely packed collagen fibers -type 1 collagen -ex. reticular layer of dermis
72
what is reticular connective tissue? (definition, collagen type, function, example)
-has tiny chambers -type 3 collagen -traffics cells between its chambers -lymph nodes
73
all adipose tissue is =
loose connective tissue that contains a lot of fat
74
what is WHITE adipose tissue? (structure and function)
-lobules within loose connective tissue -stores and mobilizes TAGs
75
what are the 2 ways WHITE adipose tissue is stored?
90% stored subcutaneously (ex. stomach) 10% stored viscerally (ex. surrounding intestines)
76
what is a disease that you are more likely to develop when visceral white fat accounts for more than 10% of total white fat?
Alzheimer's disease
77
what is BROWN adipose tissue? (structure, location, function)
-just have little dots of fat -only around adrenal glands -controls body temperature
78
what is the basal lamina?
lamina lucida + lamina densa (so basal lamina = 2/3rd of basement membrane)

Anatomy Weeks 3-4 (+ Histology) (4 decks)

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