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Histology > Intro to Histology > Flashcards

Intro to Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The study of microscopic structure, composition and function of anatomical tissues

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1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

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2
Q

Why do we study histology?

A

Knowledge of normal histological appearances is essential if abnormal diseased structures are to be recognized

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3
Q

Forensic Histology

A

To reveal cause of sudden unexpected deaths

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4
Q

Diagnostic Histology

A

Biopsies

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5
Q

Autopsy

A

Studying a biological tissue from a deceased person to learn about circumstances that caused death

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6
Q

What steps are part of Histology Tissue Preparation?

A

Fixation -> Tissue Processing -> Embedding -> Microtoming -> Staining

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7
Q

Fixation

A
  • Uses Formalin (10% formaldehyde)
  • Terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions preserving tissue from decay by preventing autolysis and increases mechanical strength of the treated tissues
  • Forms cross links with Lysine
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8
Q

Tissue Processing

A

1) Dehydration: to remove fixative water from the tissue to minimize distortion from diffusion currents using ethanol

2) Clearing: replaces the dehydrating fluid with a fluid that is totally miscible with the embedding medium

ex: Xylene (most common), Toluene, Chloroform, Benzene, Petrol

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9
Q

Embedding

A

The process by which tissues are surrounded by a solid medium wax to provide external support during sectioning

Paraffin wax is used because it improves ribboning, increases hardness, decreases melting point, and improves adhesion between specimen and wax

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10
Q

Microtoming (Sectioning)

A

The microtome precisely advances the paraffin block so that the sections are cut at specific increments with a steel knife normally cut at 5-10 micrometers in thickness

Tissue floating bath: Once cut, the tissue ribbons are carefully transferred to a warm water bath allowed to float on the surface and can be scooped up onto a slide placed under the water level. Slides are allowed to dry upright at 37 degrees Celsius for a few hours to gently melt the excess paraffin wax leaving the tissue section intact

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11
Q

Staining

A

Histochemical stains (typically hematoxylin and eosin) are used to provide contrast to tissue sections, making tissue structures more visible and easier to evaluate

The wax must be dissolved and replaced with water and then passed through xylene at decreasing strengths and finally water. Once stained, the section is dehydrated once again and placed in xylene

Cover slipping: A cover slip is mounted over the tissue specimen on the slide, using optical grade glue, to help protect the specimen

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12
Q

Three major types of microscopes used for studying histology

A

Light microscope (LM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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13
Q

What is LM used for?

A

Viewing tissue and organ construction

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14
Q

What is TEM used for?

A

Viewing ultrastructure of cells and extracellular materials

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15
Q

What is SEM used for?

A

Viewing surface details and 3D shape

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16
Q

Total Magnification = ?

A

Ocular Magnification x Objective Magnification

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17
Q

Oil immersion

A

Technique used to increase the resolving power of a microscope

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18
Q

What are you able to see under high magnification?

A

Cytoplasm & Nuclei

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19
Q

Plane of section that goes up and down

A

Longitudinal

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20
Q

Plane of section that goes left to right

A

Transverse

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21
Q

Plane of section that misses the “yolk”

A

Tangential

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22
Q

Plane of section on a slant

A

Oblique

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23
Q

Plane of section that displays 2 circles

A

Transverse in region of sharp curve

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24
Q

Lumen

A

Inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine

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25
Q

Apical surface

A

Surface of the plasma membrane that faces inward to the lumen

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26
Q

Lateral surface

A

Surface of the plasma membrane adjacent to neighboring cells

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27
Q

Basal surface

A

Bottom edge of the cell or tissue adjacent to the basement membrane

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28
Q

Stain: Hematoxylin & Eosin

A
  • Most common stain
  • Basophilic (blue): nuclei
  • Eosinophilic (red): cytoplasm
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29
Q

Stain: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)

A

Used to detect polysaccharides

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30
Q

Stain: Masson’s Trichrome

A

Used to differentiate between collagen and muscle

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31
Q

Stain: Elastic Tissue

A

Used in the histological demonstration of elastin in tissue sections

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32
Q

Stain: Mallory-Azan

A

Used for staining connective tissue and epithelium

33
Q

Stain: Wright-Giemsa

A

Used for staining blood and bone-marrow smears

34
Q

Stain: Silver and Gold Methods

A

Used to demonstrate fine structures such as cell processes in neurons

35
Q

Stain: Osmium Tetroxide

A

The only fixing agent known which completely and easily fixes fats

36
Q

Stain: Iron Hematoxylin

A

Stain nuclei bluish/black

37
Q

Stain: Alcian blue

A

Stains mucosubstances

38
Q

Vertebrate Organizational Structure

A

Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organisms

39
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Forms an important barrier or boundary between the cell’s internal and external environment

40
Q

Cilia

A

Move substances over the cell surface

41
Q

Flagellum

A

Propels sperm

42
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase membrane surface area for greater absorption

43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structural support to cell; stabilizes junctions between cells

Assists with cytosol streaming and cell motility; helps move organelles and materials throughout cell; helps move chromosomes during cell division

44
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Surrounds the nucleus

45
Q

Cytosol

A

Provides support for organelles; serves as the viscous fluid medium through which diffusion occurs

46
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromatin, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm

47
Q

Nucleolus

A

Synthesizes ribosomes

48
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Synthesizes proteins for export or for lysosomes; synthesizes integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for the cell membrane

Has ribosomes attached on surface

49
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Synthesizes, transports, and stores lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons; forms vesicles and peroxisomes

NOT lined with ribosomes

“liver of the cell”

50
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contains oxidative enzymes; detoxifies specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taken into the cell

51
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Involved in concentrating, packaging, and sorting secretory products of the cells

52
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains many hydrolyzing or digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases; digest microbes or materials

53
Q

Vesicles

A

Contain various types of materials to be transported through the cell

54
Q

Mitochondria

A

“powerhouse of the cell”

Synthesizes most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

Have an important role in protein synthesis

56
Q

Inclusions

A

Serve as temporary storage; NOT metabolically active

57
Q

Centrosome

A

Organizes microtubules; participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division

58
Q

Junctional Complexes of Cells

A

Provide adhesion and communication between cells

tight junctions, adhering junctions, and gap junctions

59
Q

Zonula Occludens (Tight Junction)

A

Composed of actin filaments

Seals adjacent cells to one another; controls passage of molecules between them

60
Q

Zonula Adherens (Adherent Junction)

A

Composed of actin filaments

Provides points linking cytoskeletons of adjacent cells; strengthens & stabilizes nearby tight junctions

61
Q

Macula Adherens (Desmosome)

A

Intermediate filaments

Provides points of strong intermediate filament coupling between adjacent cells strengthening the tissue

62
Q

Hemidesmosome (Anchoring Junction)

A

Intermediate filaments

Anchors cytoskeleton to the basal lamina

63
Q

Nexus (Gap Junction)

A

Allows direct transfer of small molecules & ions from one cell to another

64
Q

What is the medical significance of cell junctions?

A

Defects may compromise the fetal blood-brain barrier, leading to severe neurological disorders

Loss of adherens in epithelial cell tumors, promotes tumor invasion and the shift to malignancy

65
Q

Observations considered when examining a cell type

A
  • Shape of cell
  • Size of cell
  • Shape/Size/Position of nucleus
  • Identification of a nucleolus if present
66
Q

Which is the only cell without a nucleus?

A

Erythrocyte

67
Q

Cell

A

Fundamental unit of life

68
Q

Fat cell

A

Adipocyte

69
Q

Red blood cell

A

Erythrocyte

70
Q

White blood cell

A

Leukocyte

71
Q

Platelet

A

Thrombocyte

72
Q

Skin cell(s)

A

Keratinocyte

Melanocyte

73
Q

Cardiac muscle cell

A

Cardiomyocyte

74
Q

1 muscle fiber = ?

A

1 muscle cell

75
Q

Liver cell

A

Hepatocyte

76
Q

Sperm cell

A

Spermatocyte

77
Q

Egg cell or ovum

A

Oocyte

78
Q

Nerve cell

A

Neuron

79
Q

Bone cell

A

Osteocyte

Histology (3 decks)

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