Intro to Histology Flashcards
Alcian Blue
GAG-rich structures - Blue
Mucous goblet cells - Blue
Mast cell granules - Blue
Cartilage matrix - Blue
Eosin
Colloidal proteins (e.g. plasma) - Pink
Keratin - Orange / Red
Cytoplasm - Pink
Iron Haematoxylin
Nuclei - Black
Elastic fibres - Black
Haematoxylin
Nuclei - Blue
RNA - Blue
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
Hexose sugars, complex
carbohydrate containing
structures eg. goblet cell. - Magenta / Dark pink
mucins, cartilage matrix,
glycogen, basement
membranes, glycocalyx
Perl’s stain
Ferric iron - Prussian blue
Romanovsky Stains
(e.g. Giemsa’s of Leishman’s stains for blood films)
Chromatin, (nuclei) - Purple
Azurophils, neutrophils granules - Purple
Erythrocytes & eosinophil granules - Red / Pink
Lymphocyte & monocyte cytoplasm - Pale blue
Basophil granules - Dark blue / Purple
Toluidine Blue
Nuclei, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm - Dark blue
Cartilage matrix, mast cell granules - Pale blue
GAG-rich components - Bright purple
Van Gieson’s trichrome stain(with haematoxylin counterstain)
Collagen - Pink / Red
Cell cytoplasm - Yellow / Olive green
Nuclei - Black
5 Classes of tissue:
Epithelial tissues
Supporting tissues - bone, cartilage, tendons, blood
Muscle cells - Smooth, skeletal, cardiac
Nerve cells - Brain, peripheral, visceral
Germ cells - ova, sperm
Role of 5 class tissues:
E - Protection, absorption, secretion – including enzymes,
hormones etc.
S - Soft and hard skeletal tissues e.g. bone, cartilage,
collagen, elastic, blood and immuno-competent cells*
M - Contraction and locomotion
N - Communication
G - Reproduction
Shapes of cells :
Rounded
Fusiform
Columnar
Cuboidal
Squamous
Polygonal
How to tell if a cell is metabolically active?
Metabolically active cells are larger than metabolically inactive / dormant cells.
Function of Nucleolus:
Site of ribosomal RNA formation
Function of Mitochondria:
Site of oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondria Role:
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Matrix
Intermembranous space
O - Lipid synthesis + Fatty acid metabolism
I - Respiratory chain + ATP production
M - TCA (Krebs’) cycle
I S - Nucleotide phosphorylation (ADP to ATP)
Function of RER:
Site of protein synthesis
Function of SER:
- Site of membrane lipid synthesis
- Processes synthesised proteins
Function of Golgi apparatus:
- Processes macromolecules synthesised in the ER
- Particularly prominent in Plasma cells
Role of Golgi cis face:
- Receives transport vesicles from smooth ER
- Phosphorylates some proteins
Role of Golgi trans network
- Proteolysis
- Sorts macromolecules into vesicles which bud from the surface
Role of Golgi medial:
Forms complex oligosaccharides by adding sugars to lipids and peptides
Function of Vesicles:
- Transport
- Storage
- Exchanging cell membrane between compartments
Function of lysosomes:
-H+ -ATPase on membrane creates low internal pH (pH 5)
-Contain acid hydrolases that degrade proteins
Function of Peroxisomes:
Contain enzymes which oxidise long-chain fatty acids
What 3 proteins in the cytoskeleton:
- Microfilaments
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
What 3 proteins in the cytoskeleton:
- Microfilaments
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
What is and what does microfilaments do?
- Actin
- Forms a bracing mesh (cell cortex) on the inner surface of the cell membrane
What is and what does microtubules do?
- Tubular proteins
- Not in erythrocytes
- Made of α- and β-tubulin which arrange in groups of 13 to form hollow tubes
What is and what does intermediate filaments do?
- 6 types of proteins
- Anchored to transmembrane proteins
- Spread tensile forces through tissues
6 types of intermediate filaments:
- Cytokeratins
- Desmin
- Glial fibrillary acidic
- Neurofilament
- Nuclear laminin
- Vimentin
Composition between cells in tissues:
Interstitial fluid:
- Water
- Salts in solution
- Peptides and proteins (e.g. plasma proteins, hormones, etc.)
Extracellular material:
- Fibrillary proteins – e.g. tendons
- Glycosaminoglycan jelly
- Inorganic salts as solids (e.g. calcium in bone)
