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Head, Neck And Neuroanatomy > Intro To Head And Neck > Flashcards

Intro To Head And Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the skull

A

Neurocranium

Visceral cranium

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2
Q

What does the neurocranium surround?

A

Surrounds the brain

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3
Q

What is the visceral cranium?

A

The bones of the face

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4
Q

Where is the face?

A

Eyebrows to chin

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5
Q

What is part of the scalp and face?

A

The forehead

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6
Q

How many muscles are used for mastication?

A

2

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7
Q

What are the two types of muscles in the head?

A

Muscles of mastication

Muscles of facial express

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8
Q

Four layers of Cervical fascia

A

Investing layer
Pretracheal layers
Prevertebral layer
Superficial layer

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9
Q

What is the carotid sheath made of?

A

Formed by all three layers of deep cervical fascia

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10
Q

The extracranial nerves (To Zanzibar By Motor Car)

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular 
Cervical
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11
Q

What is the investing layer?

A

Most superficial of the deep layers of cervical fascia which surrounds the entire neck like a collar.

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12
Q

What are the borders of the investing layer?

A

Superior margin= entire lower border of mandible

Mastoid process superior nuchal line

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13
Q

What is the floor of the posterior triangle?

A

Scalene muscles

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14
Q

What is the sensory nerve of the face?

A

trigeminal nerve

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15
Q

What is the retropharangeal space?

A

A deep neck space that lies between the prevertebral layer of fascia and the fascia surrounding the the pharanyx and oesphogus (buccopharangeal fascia

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16
Q

What is a retropharangeal abscess?

A

An infection in the retropharangeal space, it is normally second to an upper respiratory tract infection and is normally in under 5 year olds.

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17
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Inflammation of the facial nerve which causes ipsilateral facial paralysis

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18
Q

Facial nerve cranial nerve number

A

VII

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19
Q

What do muscles of facial expression tend to be?

A

Dilators or sphincters

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20
Q

What nerve innervates muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

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21
Q

Which cranial nerve is the facial nerve?

A

VII

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22
Q

What innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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23
Q

What cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?

A

VII

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24
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular 
Cervical
(To Zanzibar By Motor Car)
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25
Q

What gland does the facial nerve have a relationship with?

A

Parotid

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26
Q

What is the main sensory nerve of the face?

A

The trigeminal nerve

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27
Q

What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic (Va)
Maxillary (Vb)
Mandibular (VCard)

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28
Q

What is cranial nerve Va?

A

Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

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29
Q

What is cranial nerve Vb?

A

The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

30
Q

What is cranial nerve Vc?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

31
Q

How do you test the trigeminal nerve function?

A

It is the main sensory nerve of the face so touch in all three dermatomes - on both sides so can check that both trigeminal nerves are working

32
Q

What are the three cartilages in the neck?

A

Hyoid
Thyroid
Cricoid

33
Q

What innervates the platysma?

A

The cervical branch of the facial nerve

34
Q

What is the action of platysma?

A

Tense neck ( for shaving)

35
Q

What innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

The accessory nerve

36
Q

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Turns the neck

37
Q

What is the innervation of the scalene muscles?

A

C4-6

38
Q

Where does the anterior triangle communicate with?

A

The thorax

39
Q

Where does the posterior triangle communicate with?

A

The upper limb

40
Q

What are the actions of the suprehyoid muscles?

A

Elevate the hyoid and depress the mandible

41
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles also known as?

A

The strap muscles

42
Q

What do the infrahyoid muscles do?

A

Depress and stabilise the hyoid

43
Q

What are the border of the anterior triangle?

A

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Midline of the neck
Inferior border of the mandible

44
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

The sternocleidomastoid

The clavicle and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

45
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Posterior belly of the digastric
Omohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid

46
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

The carotid sheath ( containing the common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, the vagus nerve)

47
Q

Where do deep neck spaces communicate with?

A

Mediastinum causing medistinitis

48
Q

Where in the neck in the thyroid gland?

A

Very low down

49
Q

Who does a retropharangeal abscess normally occur in?

A

Under 5s due to comparatively larger lymph nodes

50
Q

What muscle is used for squeezing eyes shut?

A

Orbicularis oculus

51
Q

What muscle is used for closing/pursing lips?

A

Orbicularis oris

52
Q

What is bell’s palsy mistaken for?

A

A stroke

53
Q

How can you tell the difference between Bell’s palsy and a stroke?

A

A stroke patient will be able to raise their eyebrows whereas one with Bell’s palsy will not

54
Q

What is the scalp made of?

A 
Skin
dense Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
55
Q

What are the major vessels in the neck?

A 
External jugular vein
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
56
Q

What comes of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

Ascending and transverse cervical

Subscapularis
Inferior thyroid

57
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

A

The subclavian arteries on the left and right they then move superior trough the transverse foramen in C6-1 and then through foramen magnum

58
Q

Where is the location of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

A

About the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

59
Q

Why does atheroma commonly occur at the bifurcation?

A

There is turbeulence so blood slows

60
Q

How can the remove the plaque from the carotid bifurcation?

A

Surgically-end arterectomy

61
Q

What is in the cavernous sinus?

A 
Internal carotid artery
CNIII (occulomotor)
Carotid nerve IV (trochlear)
Cranial nerve VI abducent
Two branches of the trigeminal  (cranial nerves Va and Vb)
62
Q

What is the distribution of the external carotid retry?

A

6 branches- sup. Thyroid, lingual, facial, asc. Pharyngeal, occipital, post. Auricular
2 terminal branches- sup. Temporal, maxillary

63
Q

Why may the scalp bleed very profusely?

A

The anastomoses and the aponeurosis will pull the wound apart making the wound worse

64
Q

What are two branches of the maxillary artery?

A

Middle meninges

Sphenopalatine

65
Q

Kisselbach area

A

Common site for nose bleeds due to anastomoses of arteries

66
Q

Petrion

A

Site where bones of the skull join

67
Q

What shape does the rupture of the middle meningeal artery make on a CT scan?

A

A crescent shape

68
Q

What type of haemorrhage does the rupture of the middl meningeal artery cause?

A

An extradural haematoma

69
Q

What veins are valveless?

A

Emissary veins

70
Q

What is the problem with emissary veins being valveless?

A

Infection can spread from the scalp to cranial cavity and affect the meninges

71
Q

What is the danger triangle of the face?

A

Infections in the region of the face which can spread through venous system to dural venous sinuses

72
Q

Which jugular vein is used to measure jugular venous pressure and why?

A

Right internal jugular vein

Head, Neck And Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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