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cell biology & haematology > intro to haematology & anaemia > Flashcards

intro to haematology & anaemia Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two main principles for electronically counting cells?

A

the coulter counter

flow cytometry

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2
Q

how does the coulter counter work?

A

semi-automated by preparing a suitable dilution to count cells in
sample then aspirated into the chamber and a count is produced

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3
Q

what is pulse height proportional to?

A

cell volume

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4
Q

how does flow cytometry work?

A

cells pass through flow cell
laser beam scanned through
if laser hits cell we get light scatter which is recorded on a photo diode
gives white cell differentiation

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5
Q

what effect keeps the cells in single file during flow cytometry?

A

hydrodynamic

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6
Q

mean corpuscular volume calculation

A

haematocrit x 10 / red blood count

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7
Q

MCV unit

A

fL (femto litres)

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8
Q

MCV normal range

A

80-100 fL

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9
Q

normocytic meaning

A

when red cells have a normal MCV

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10
Q

macrocytic meaning

A

when red cells have a MCV of above 100fL

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11
Q

microcytic meaning

A

when red cells have a MCV of below 80 fL

red cells are small

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12
Q

mean cell haemoglobin calculation

A

haemoglobin level / red blood count

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13
Q

MCH unit

A

pg (pico grams)

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14
Q

MCH normal range

A

30 - 35 pg

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15
Q

mean cell haemoglobin concentration calculation

A

haemoglobin level x 100 / haematocrit

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16
Q

MCHC unit

A

g/L (grams per litre)

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17
Q

MCHC normal range

A

300 - 340 g/L

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18
Q

normochromic meaning

A

when erythrocytes contain the normal amount of haemoglobin

MCHC is normal

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19
Q

hypochromic meaning

A

when erythrocytes have a MCHC of below 300 g/L

erythrocytes appear pale

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20
Q

hyperchromic meaning

A

when erythrocytes have a MCHC of above 3401 g/L

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21
Q

what % of bone marrow is fat?

A

50%

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22
Q

where does haematopoiesis take place?

A

in the bone marrow

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23
Q

what is haematopoiesis?

A

blood cell production

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24
Q

what stain is used on a bone marrow sample?

A

May Grunwald-Giemsa stain

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25
Q

at what stage are cells at in the bone marrow?

A

all different stages

eg precursor, immature and mature

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26
Q

at what stage are the cells at in peripheral blood?

A

mature

27
Q

what does the presence of nucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood suggest?

A

the bone marrow is stressed

its trying to push out as many erythrocytes as possible regardless of what stage they are at

28
Q

what is a normoblast?

A

immature erythrocyte

29
Q

stages of red blood cell production

A 
pronormoblast 
early normoblasts 
intermediate normoblasts 
late normoblasts 
reticulocytes 
red blood cells
30
Q

what is a reticulocyte?

A

an immature red blood cell without a nucleus

has a granular appearance when stained

31
Q

why to erythrocytes require energy?

A

to maintain cellular shape and haemoglobin structure

32
Q

what are the differences between erythrocytes and other cells?

A

mature erythrocytes have no nucleus so cant synthesise proteins
no mitochondria so do not carry out oxidative metabolism
take up glucose by facilitated diffusion

33
Q

how many chains is adult haemoglobin made up of? name them

A

4 chains in total
2 alpha chains
2 beta-delta-gamma chains

34
Q

what type of ring structure is heme?

A

planar porphrin

35
Q

what is the primary role of iron?

A

binding oxygen to haem and myoglobin

36
Q

causes of iron deficiency

A 
blood loss
increased demand during pregnancy and growth 
malabsorption 
poor diet 
chronic inflammatory diseases
malignant diseases
37
Q

blood film characteristics when iron deficiency is present?

A 
microcytosis 
hypochromia 
elliptocytes 
tear drop poikilocytes 
rouleaux formation
38
Q

what are elliptocytes?

A

long oval shaped cells

39
Q

what are poikilocytes?

A

abnormally shaped cells

40
Q

what does rouleaux formation mean?

A

stacked erythrocytes

41
Q

what is normocytic anaemia?

A

when haemoglobin and red cell count is low but mean corpuscular volume is in the normal range

42
Q

what are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

renal failure and lack of erythropoietin

acute blood loss from trauma

43
Q

why is vitamin B12 and folic acid needed?

A

ensures enough DNA is produced from the constituents of the bases
allowing successful cell division

44
Q

what does a lack of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid lead to?

A

reduced and abnormal cell division

45
Q

why are red blood cells affected by B12/folic acid deficiency?

A

because of their high turnover rate

46
Q

where is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

through the intestines

47
Q

what percentage of vitamin B12 is stored in the liver?

A

80

48
Q

how long does it take for symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency to develop?

A

3-4 years

49
Q

what does vitamin B12 have to combine with in order to be absorbed? where is it produced?

A

intrinsic factor produced by stomach lining

50
Q

how is vitamin B12 transported in blood?

A

by Transcobalamin II

51
Q

what are common reasons as to why vitamin B12 deficiency occurs?

A

stomach cant produce enough intrinsic factor
intestine cant absorb enough vitamin B12
diet lacks enough food that contains vitamin B12

52
Q

why is vitamin B12 deficiency hard to spot?

A

symptoms are the same as those for iron deficiency

53
Q

what is pernicious anaemia?

A

a lack of intrinsic factor

54
Q

how much vitamin B12 is required daily?

A

1 microgram

55
Q

how much folate is required daily?

A

100 - 200 micrograms

56
Q

what are the symptoms of folate deficiency?

A

loss of sensation
inability to control muscles
depression
neural tube defects in fetus

57
Q

why cant folate be stored for a long time in the body?

A

it is water soluble

58
Q

what causes folate deficiency?

A

diet lacking in food containing folate
lack of absorption
excessive urination
some types of medicine

59
Q

causes of macrocytic anaemia

A

vitamin B12 deficiency
folate deficiency
hypothyroidism
liver disease

60
Q

what are the characteristics of a blood film when macrocytic anaemia is present?

A 
macrocytes 
ovalocytes 
polychromasia 
tear drop poikilocytes 
stomatocytes 
hypersegmented neutrophils
61
Q

what are stomatocytes?

A

red cells with an oblong centre

62
Q

what are hypersegmented neutrophils?

A

neutrophils with more than 5 lobes

63
Q

what does the presence of hypersegmented neutrophils and megaloblasts in the bone marrow signify?

A

cell division is disrupted

chromosomes have replicated but the cell membrane has not dissolved and regenerated into daughter cells

cell biology & haematology (12 decks)

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