Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

cell biology & haematology > Histology And Cytology > Flashcards

Histology And Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of histology?

A

The microscopic study of normal tissue and its structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the definition of histopathology?

A

the microscopic study of diseased tissue and its structure

includes diseases such as infection, inflammation and cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the definition of histochemistry?

A

used to highlight various biological materials in the tissue by different staining techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the definition of immunocytochemistry?

A

localisation of specific protein or antigen in cells using primary antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the definition of cytopathology?

A

closely allied to histopathology but distinct as it involves analysis of cell preparations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when was the human tissue act established and introduced?

A

established in 2004

introduced in september 2006

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the human tissue act?

A

underpins the lawful storage and use of any tissue from the living or deceased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the human tissue authority?

A

the body that provides codes of practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is inflammation?

A

protective response to foreign agents and mechanical agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is acute inflammation?

A

relatively short

classified by accumulation of neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is chronic inflammation?

A

accumulation of specialised cells such as B and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

new growth
has the ability to grow and enlarge unless treated
sometimes referred to as a tumour
classified into benign and malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is haematoxylin?

A

a basic dye used as a nuclear stain
shows chromatin pattern in distinct blue/black
requires oxidation to haematein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is eosin?

A

an acid dye

red coloured which complements the haematoxylin dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are non-melanoma skin cancers?

A

a group of cancers that slowly develop on the outermost layer of the

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?

A

epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two most common types of non-melanoma skin cancers?

A

basal cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is basal cell carcinoma?

A

originated from the keratinocytes of the basal lining of the epidermis and infiltrates into the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is squamous cell carcinoma?

A

stems from the upper layers of the epidermis and infiltrates into the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is actinic keratonosis?

A

subtype of squamous cell carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is actinic keratonosis usually presented with?

A

atypical karatinocytes throughout the epidermis
does not penetrate into the epidermis
exhibits epsinophillic or vacuolated cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are other features of actinic keratonosis?

A

parakeratosis
dysplasia
solar elastosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is parakeratosis?

A

presence of cell nuclei in the keratin layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal maturation of the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is solar elastosis?
the dermis is stained blue rather than pink resembling the elastic tissue due to accumulation of elastin
26
what is squamous cell carcinoma usually presented with?
anastomising nests, sheets and strands of atypical keratinocytes
27
what are typical characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma?
``` prominent intercellular bridges epithelial cells exhibit glossy eosinophillic cytoplasm and a large nucleus dyskeratotic cell parakeratosis horn pearl formations ```
28
what are typical histological characteristics of basal cell carcinoma?
nodules and/or strands of atypical basaloid cells with nuclear palisading cellular apoptosis scattered mitotic activity
29
what can breast cancer be subcategorized into and what are their incidence rates?
``` ductal = 80% lobular = 10% other = 10% ```
30
what is ductal carcinoma in-situ?
malignant, clonal proliferation of cells growing within the basement membrane bound structures of the breast no evidence of invasion into surrounding stroma
31
what is lobular carcinoma in-situ?
signet ring cell | mainly large cells
32
what is carbohydrate staining?
special staining rarely used as a primary stain in histopathology
33
what is carbohydrate staining required for?
effective diagnosis of some tissue | helps to identify the source of glandular tissue and metastatic adenocarcinoma deposits
34
where is squamous cell cervical carcinoma derived from
ectocervix
35
where is adenocarcinoma cervical carcinoma derived from?
the glandular epithelial cells of the endocervix
36
what types of human papillomavirus cause cervical carcinomas?
16 and 18
37
what is the NHS cervical screening programme?
women aged 15 to 49 have one every 3 years women aged 50-64 have one every 5 years samples usually taken in GP practice
38
what stains are used on a cervical screening sample?
haematoxylin eosin light green orange G
39
what is liquid based cytology?
involves immediately dispersing the cells in a liquid transport medium monolayer prep which facilitates the automated evaluation of individual cells membrane filtration/ density gradient centrifugation reduces the number of leucocytes and erythrocytes in the sample
40
what are the most useful features that distinguish normal cells from neoplastic cells in cervical cytology?
chromatin pattern and distribution
41
describe the nucleus of a normal cell in cervical cytology.
around the same size as a polymorph | centrally located with a regular, finely granular chromatin pattern and a smooth outline
42
describe the normal intermediate squamous cells in cervical cytology.
large, polyhedral cells | usually seen singularly or in small groups
43
describe the normal superficial squamous cells in cervical cytology.
similar in size to the intermediate cells | nucleus appears smaller and darker due to degeneration
44
what are endocervical cells?
the cells that line the endocervical canal. | they are columnar cells, usually seen in groups
45
what is meant by 'honey comb appearance' when describing endocervical cells?
a sheet of endocervical cells with the nuclei in the centre of the cells
46
what is meant by 'palisade appearance' when describing endocervical cells?
appear in a line nuclei at the base of the cell terminal bars and cilia can be seen at the top
47
describe normal endometrial cells
similar in size to polymorphs often seen as a dense core of stromal cells surrounded by a rim of epithelial cells giving the classic ' top hat ' appearance nucleus tend to be round/ovoid with fine granular chromatin well defined nuclear membrane
48
what is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia?
replacement of normal cervical squamous epithelium with neoplastic cells
49
how many grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and what are they based on?
3 | based on the proportion of epithelium occupied by undifferentiated neoplastic cells and measure of mitotic figures
50
describe CIN1
undifferentiated neoplastic cells occupy the lower third of the epithelium cytoplasmic differentiation in the middle and upper thirds infrequent mitotic figures
51
describe CIN2
undifferentiated neoplastic cells reach the middle third cytoplasmic differentiation in the upper third mitoses in the lower two thirds abnormal appearance
52
describe CIN3
undifferentiated cells occupy full thickness of the epithelium no cytoplasmic differentiation occasional cell keratinasion mitoses throughout
53
what is the definition of dyskaryosis?
abnormal nucleus and refers to the abnormal epithelial cell which may be found in cervical samples
54
describe mild dyskaryosis?
can present as single cells or in groups koilocytes may be present the nucleus will occupy less than a third of the total area of the cell samples will be tested for high risk HPV and referred for further investigation if they test positive
55
describe moderate dyskaryosis
display the same abnormal features as mild but the changes are usually more marked nucleus will occupy lower over a third but no more than two thirds of the area of the cell patients will be referred straight for further investigation without being HPV tested
56
describe severe dyskaryosis
display more marked abnormal features than those seen in mild or moderate nucleus occupies more than two thirds of the area of the cell bare abnormal nuclei with no cytoplasm at all are sometimes seen referred for further testing without being HPV testing
57
what is invasive cervical carcinoma?
when the abnormality breaks through the basement membrane
58
characteristics of invasive cervical carcinoma
diathesis is present | bizarre cell shapes
59
how is invasive cervical carcinoma diagnosed?
biopsy | cant diagnose using cytology but can see characteristics that suggest it is invasive
60
what are candida infections?
thrush very common opportunistic yeast infection
61
what causes candida infections?
associated with change in vaginal pH caused by soaps/ antibiotics loss of lactobacilli in the vagina
62
what causes a actinomyces infection?
associated with the intrauterine contraceptive device | bacteria attach to coil strings
63
what is a trichomonas vagnalis infection?
a sexually transmitted infection contain tear drop nuclei inflammation often accompanies infection squamous cells form of peri nuclear halos
64
what is herpes simplex virus infection?
sexually transmitted infection classically presented with moulding of nuclei and ground glass chromatin small red inclusion bodies may be seen in the nuclei
65
pinworm infection
common infection in which small worms infest the intestines and lay eggs around the anus occasionally pinworm ova can be identified in cervical samples
66
what are features of glandular abnormalities?
crowding of nuclei dark staining feathering
67
what would make a sample be reported as unsatisfactory?
contains too few cells for reliable interpretation | cells may be obscured by white blood cells
68
what are the three cell types that could potentially cause false positives?
immature squamous metaplastic cells endometrial cells histocytes
69
what are immature squamous metaplastic cells similar to in cervical cytology?
moderate/severe dyskaryosis
70
what type of cells can potentially cause false negatives?
small dyskaryotic cells pale dyskaryosis hyperchromatic crowded group cells
71
what are the types of urine samples?
voided urine | bladder washings
72
describe normal urothelium
superficial umbrella cells are larger with abundant cytoplasm and may exhibit nuclear pleomorphism or multinucleation
73
what are benign findings from urine samples?
bladder infections
74
what are characteristics of high grade urothelial carcinomas?
anaplastic cells irregular nuclear outlines coarsely granular chromatin with large nuclei necrotic background
75
what are the types of lower respiratory tract samples?
``` sputum bronchial brushings bronchial washings transbronchial fine needle aspiration transthoracic fine needle aspiration ```

cell biology & haematology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions