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cell biology & haematology > Histology And Cytology > Flashcards

Histology And Cytology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of histology?

A

The microscopic study of normal tissue and its structure

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2
Q

what is the definition of histopathology?

A

the microscopic study of diseased tissue and its structure

includes diseases such as infection, inflammation and cancer

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3
Q

what is the definition of histochemistry?

A

used to highlight various biological materials in the tissue by different staining techniques

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4
Q

what is the definition of immunocytochemistry?

A

localisation of specific protein or antigen in cells using primary antibodies

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5
Q

what is the definition of cytopathology?

A

closely allied to histopathology but distinct as it involves analysis of cell preparations

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6
Q

when was the human tissue act established and introduced?

A

established in 2004

introduced in september 2006

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7
Q

what is the human tissue act?

A

underpins the lawful storage and use of any tissue from the living or deceased

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8
Q

what is the human tissue authority?

A

the body that provides codes of practice

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9
Q

what is inflammation?

A

protective response to foreign agents and mechanical agents

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10
Q

what is acute inflammation?

A

relatively short

classified by accumulation of neutrophils

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11
Q

what is chronic inflammation?

A

accumulation of specialised cells such as B and T cells

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12
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

new growth
has the ability to grow and enlarge unless treated
sometimes referred to as a tumour
classified into benign and malignant

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13
Q

what is haematoxylin?

A

a basic dye used as a nuclear stain
shows chromatin pattern in distinct blue/black
requires oxidation to haematein

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14
Q

what is eosin?

A

an acid dye

red coloured which complements the haematoxylin dye

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15
Q

what are non-melanoma skin cancers?

A

a group of cancers that slowly develop on the outermost layer of the

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16
Q

what is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?

A

epidermis

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17
Q

what are the two most common types of non-melanoma skin cancers?

A

basal cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

what is basal cell carcinoma?

A

originated from the keratinocytes of the basal lining of the epidermis and infiltrates into the dermis

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19
Q

what is squamous cell carcinoma?

A

stems from the upper layers of the epidermis and infiltrates into the dermis

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20
Q

what is actinic keratonosis?

A

subtype of squamous cell carcinoma in situ

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21
Q

what is actinic keratonosis usually presented with?

A

atypical karatinocytes throughout the epidermis
does not penetrate into the epidermis
exhibits epsinophillic or vacuolated cytoplasm

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22
Q

what are other features of actinic keratonosis?

A

parakeratosis
dysplasia
solar elastosis

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23
Q

what is parakeratosis?

A

presence of cell nuclei in the keratin layer

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24
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal maturation of the epidermis

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25
Q

what is solar elastosis?

A

the dermis is stained blue rather than pink resembling the elastic tissue
due to accumulation of elastin

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26
Q

what is squamous cell carcinoma usually presented with?

A

anastomising nests, sheets and strands of atypical keratinocytes

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27
Q

what are typical characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma?

A 
prominent intercellular bridges 
epithelial cells exhibit glossy eosinophillic cytoplasm and a large nucleus 
dyskeratotic cell 
parakeratosis 
horn pearl formations
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28
Q

what are typical histological characteristics of basal cell carcinoma?

A

nodules and/or strands of atypical basaloid cells with nuclear palisading
cellular apoptosis
scattered mitotic activity

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29
Q

what can breast cancer be subcategorized into and what are their incidence rates?

A 
ductal = 80%
lobular = 10%
other = 10%
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30
Q

what is ductal carcinoma in-situ?

A

malignant, clonal proliferation of cells growing within the basement membrane bound structures of the breast
no evidence of invasion into surrounding stroma

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31
Q

what is lobular carcinoma in-situ?

A

signet ring cell

mainly large cells

32
Q

what is carbohydrate staining?

A

special staining rarely used as a primary stain in histopathology

33
Q

what is carbohydrate staining required for?

A

effective diagnosis of some tissue

helps to identify the source of glandular tissue and metastatic adenocarcinoma deposits

34
Q

where is squamous cell cervical carcinoma derived from

A

ectocervix

35
Q

where is adenocarcinoma cervical carcinoma derived from?

A

the glandular epithelial cells of the endocervix

36
Q

what types of human papillomavirus cause cervical carcinomas?

A

16 and 18

37
Q

what is the NHS cervical screening programme?

A

women aged 15 to 49 have one every 3 years
women aged 50-64 have one every 5 years
samples usually taken in GP practice

38
Q

what stains are used on a cervical screening sample?

A

haematoxylin
eosin
light green
orange G

39
Q

what is liquid based cytology?

A

involves immediately dispersing the cells in a liquid transport medium
monolayer prep which facilitates the automated evaluation of individual cells
membrane filtration/ density gradient centrifugation reduces the number of leucocytes and erythrocytes in the sample

40
Q

what are the most useful features that distinguish normal cells from neoplastic cells in cervical cytology?

A

chromatin pattern and distribution

41
Q

describe the nucleus of a normal cell in cervical cytology.

A

around the same size as a polymorph

centrally located with a regular, finely granular chromatin pattern and a smooth outline

42
Q

describe the normal intermediate squamous cells in cervical cytology.

A

large, polyhedral cells

usually seen singularly or in small groups

43
Q

describe the normal superficial squamous cells in cervical cytology.

A

similar in size to the intermediate cells

nucleus appears smaller and darker due to degeneration

44
Q

what are endocervical cells?

A

the cells that line the endocervical canal.

they are columnar cells, usually seen in groups

45
Q

what is meant by ‘honey comb appearance’ when describing endocervical cells?

A

a sheet of endocervical cells with the nuclei in the centre of the cells

46
Q

what is meant by ‘palisade appearance’ when describing endocervical cells?

A

appear in a line
nuclei at the base of the cell
terminal bars and cilia can be seen at the top

47
Q

describe normal endometrial cells

A

similar in size to polymorphs
often seen as a dense core of stromal cells surrounded by a rim of epithelial cells giving the classic ‘ top hat ‘ appearance
nucleus tend to be round/ovoid with fine granular chromatin
well defined nuclear membrane

48
Q

what is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia?

A

replacement of normal cervical squamous epithelium with neoplastic cells

49
Q

how many grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and what are they based on?

A

3

based on the proportion of epithelium occupied by undifferentiated neoplastic cells and measure of mitotic figures

50
Q

describe CIN1

A

undifferentiated neoplastic cells occupy the lower third of the epithelium
cytoplasmic differentiation in the middle and upper thirds
infrequent mitotic figures

51
Q

describe CIN2

A

undifferentiated neoplastic cells reach the middle third
cytoplasmic differentiation in the upper third
mitoses in the lower two thirds
abnormal appearance

52
Q

describe CIN3

A

undifferentiated cells occupy full thickness of the epithelium
no cytoplasmic differentiation
occasional cell keratinasion
mitoses throughout

53
Q

what is the definition of dyskaryosis?

A

abnormal nucleus and refers to the abnormal epithelial cell which may be found in cervical samples

54
Q

describe mild dyskaryosis?

A

can present as single cells or in groups
koilocytes may be present
the nucleus will occupy less than a third of the total area of the cell
samples will be tested for high risk HPV and referred for further investigation if they test positive

55
Q

describe moderate dyskaryosis

A

display the same abnormal features as mild but the changes are usually more marked
nucleus will occupy lower over a third but no more than two thirds of the area of the cell
patients will be referred straight for further investigation without being HPV tested

56
Q

describe severe dyskaryosis

A

display more marked abnormal features than those seen in mild or moderate
nucleus occupies more than two thirds of the area of the cell
bare abnormal nuclei with no cytoplasm at all are sometimes seen
referred for further testing without being HPV testing

57
Q

what is invasive cervical carcinoma?

A

when the abnormality breaks through the basement membrane

58
Q

characteristics of invasive cervical carcinoma

A

diathesis is present

bizarre cell shapes

59
Q

how is invasive cervical carcinoma diagnosed?

A

biopsy

cant diagnose using cytology but can see characteristics that suggest it is invasive

60
Q

what are candida infections?

A

thrush
very common
opportunistic yeast infection

61
Q

what causes candida infections?

A

associated with change in vaginal pH caused by soaps/ antibiotics
loss of lactobacilli in the vagina

62
Q

what causes a actinomyces infection?

A

associated with the intrauterine contraceptive device

bacteria attach to coil strings

63
Q

what is a trichomonas vagnalis infection?

A

a sexually transmitted infection
contain tear drop nuclei
inflammation often accompanies infection
squamous cells form of peri nuclear halos

64
Q

what is herpes simplex virus infection?

A

sexually transmitted infection
classically presented with moulding of nuclei and ground glass chromatin
small red inclusion bodies may be seen in the nuclei

65
Q

pinworm infection

A

common infection in which small worms infest the intestines and lay eggs around the anus
occasionally pinworm ova can be identified in cervical samples

66
Q

what are features of glandular abnormalities?

A

crowding of nuclei
dark staining
feathering

67
Q

what would make a sample be reported as unsatisfactory?

A

contains too few cells for reliable interpretation

cells may be obscured by white blood cells

68
Q

what are the three cell types that could potentially cause false positives?

A

immature squamous metaplastic cells
endometrial cells
histocytes

69
Q

what are immature squamous metaplastic cells similar to in cervical cytology?

A

moderate/severe dyskaryosis

70
Q

what type of cells can potentially cause false negatives?

A

small dyskaryotic cells
pale dyskaryosis
hyperchromatic crowded group cells

71
Q

what are the types of urine samples?

A

voided urine

bladder washings

72
Q

describe normal urothelium

A

superficial umbrella cells are larger with abundant cytoplasm and may exhibit nuclear pleomorphism or multinucleation

73
Q

what are benign findings from urine samples?

A

bladder infections

74
Q

what are characteristics of high grade urothelial carcinomas?

A

anaplastic cells
irregular nuclear outlines
coarsely granular chromatin with large nuclei
necrotic background

75
Q

what are the types of lower respiratory tract samples?

A 
sputum 
bronchial brushings 
bronchial washings 
transbronchial fine needle aspiration 
transthoracic fine needle aspiration

cell biology & haematology (12 decks)

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