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GI > Intro to GIT and Motility > Flashcards

Intro to GIT and Motility Flashcards

1
Q

Components of alimentary canal

A
  • Mouth and oropharynx
  • Oesphagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum and anus
  • accessory structures
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2
Q

Role of mouth and oropharynx

A

chops and lubricates food
begins carb digestion
delivers food to oesophagus

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3
Q

Role of oesophagus

A

Propels food to stomach

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4
Q

Role of stomach

A

Stores and churns food
Continues carb digestion
starts protein digestion
Regulates chyme delivery to duodenum

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5
Q

Role of small intestine

A

Principle site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

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6
Q

Role of large intestine

A

Colon reabsorbs fluid and electrolytes

stores faecal matter before delivery to rectum

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7
Q

Role of rectum and anus

A

regulates faecal expulsion

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8
Q

What are the alimentary canal accessory structures?

A 
Salivary glands
pancreas
Hepatobilliary system (liver and gallbladder)
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9
Q

What comprises the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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10
Q

What comprises the large intestine?

A

caecum, appendix and colon

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11
Q

Layers of the digestive tract wall (inner to outer)

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular externa, serosa

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12
Q

Major functions of alimentary canal

A

Motility, secretion, digestion, absorption

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13
Q

Motility

A

Mechanical activity involving mostly smooth muscle (but skeletal at moth, pharynx, upper oesophagus and external anal sphincter)

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14
Q

What happens in circular muscle contraction?

A

Lumen becomes narrower and longer

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15
Q

What happens in longitudinal muscle contraction?

A

Intestine becomes shorter and fatter

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16
Q

What happens in muscular mucosa contraction

A

Change in absorptive and secretory area of mucosa, mixing activity

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17
Q

how are adjacent smooth muscle cells coupled together?

A

By gap junctions

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18
Q

How does spontaneous electrical activity in the stomach and small and large intestine occur?

A

as slow waves

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19
Q

What are slow waves?

A

Rhythmic patterns of membrane depolarisation and repolarisation which spread form cell to cell via gap junctions

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20
Q

What drive slow wave electrical activity

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal, which are pacemaker cells found mainly in circle and longitudinal muscle layers. they form gap junctions with each other and smooth muscle cells

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21
Q

Basic Electrical Rhythm of stomach

A

3 min-1

22
Q

Basic Electrical Rhythm of small intestine

A

8-12 min-1

23
Q

Basic Electrical Rhythm of colon

A

8-16 min-1

24
Q

Factors affecting whether or not a slow wave reaches its threshold

A

neuronal, hormal and mechanical stimuli

25
Q

Excitatory influences in parasympathetic innervation

A

increased gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal secretion, blood flow and smooth muscle contraction

26
Q

inhibitory influences in parasympathetic innervation

A

relaxation of some sphincters, receptive relaxation of stomach

27
Q

Excitatory influences in sympathetic innervation

A

increased sphincter tone

28
Q

inhibitory influences in sympathetic innervation

A

decreased motility, secretion and blood flow

29
Q

Where are neurones of the ENS found?

A

in ganglia connecter by fibre tracts in the

Myenteric and sub mucous plexus

30
Q

Role of myenteric/ Auerbach’s plexus

A

regulates motility and sphincters

31
Q

Role of sub mucous/ Meissner’s plexus

A

modulates epithelia and blood vessels

32
Q

The ENS is intrinsic to GI tissue. T/F

A

True

Reflex circuits can operate independently but hormones and extrinsic nerves exert a strong regulatory influence

33
Q

Via what neurones does the ENS coordinate muscular, absorptive and secretive activities?

A

sensory neurones. interneurones and effector neurones

34
Q

example of local reflex

A

peristalsis

35
Q

example of short reflex

A

intestino-intestinal inhibitory reflex

36
Q

example of long reflex

A

gastroileal reflex (vaso-vaga reflex)

37
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

wave of relaxation, followed by contraction which usually proceeds a short distance in the gut in the aboral direction

38
Q

What is segmentation?

A

rhythmic contractions of circular muscle layer

mixes and divides luminal contents

39
Q

When does segmentation in the small intestine occur?

A

in the fed state

40
Q

What is it called when segmentation occurs in the large intestine?

A

haustration

41
Q

What is colonic mass movement?

A

powerful sweeping contraction which forces faeces into the rectum

42
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

powerful sweeping contraction from stomach to ileum

43
Q

What are tonic contractions?

A

These are sustained contractions

low pressure in organs with major storage function and high pressure in sphincters

44
Q

How many sphincters are there in the GIT?

A

6 (excluding the sphincter of Oddi)

45
Q

When does the Upper Oesophageal Sphincter relax and close?

A

relaxes to allow swallowing; closes during inspiration

46
Q

When does the Lower Oesophageal Sphincter relax and close?

A

Relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach and closes to prevent reflux to the oesophagus

47
Q

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Regulates gastric emptying and prevents duodenal gastric reflux

48
Q

What is the role of the ileocaecal valve?

A

regulates flow from ileum to caecum

distension of ileum opens, distension of proximal colon closes

49
Q

What reflex regulates the internal and external anal sphincters?

A

defaecation reflex

50
Q

All sphincters are composed of specialised circular smooth muscle. T/F?

A

False, some are also composed of skeletal muscle

UOS and external anal sphincter

GI (4 decks)

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