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GI > GI Histology > Flashcards

GI Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What covers the oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (generally not keratinised)

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2
Q

What covers the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?

A

Covered by respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

Describe the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

stratified squamous epithelium, which is thin on the ventral surface and thick and with papillae on the dorsal surface

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4
Q

Describe the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

Smooth stratified squamous epithelium which, except for circumvallate papillae, lacks papillae but does have a lot of lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa

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5
Q

The pharynx includes a ring of ____ tissue composed of the ___, ___, ___ and ____ tonsils

A

Lymphoid

Palatine, lingual, tubal and pharyngeal

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6
Q

4 major layers of the digestive tract from inner to outer layer

A

mucosa
submucosa
musclaris externa
serosa/ adventitia

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7
Q

3 parts of the mucosa

A

Epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

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8
Q

Which type of tissue composes the submucosa?

A

Loose connective tissue

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9
Q

Composition of muscular externa

A

two thick layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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10
Q

Serosa/ adventitia

A

outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends in the digestive tract or attaches to other organs

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11
Q

Histologically, what happens at the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A

Abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium of oesophagus to the simple columnar epithelium of the cardia of the stomach

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12
Q

Gastric pits

A

found in stomach, where the surface view is flat but with holes in it

lined with surface mucous cells

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13
Q

what are found at he bottom of gastric pits?

A

between 1 and 7 gastric glands (unevenly distributed)

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14
Q

Chief cell of gastric glands

A

Digestive enzyme secreting cell

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15
Q

Parietal cell of gastric glands

A

Hydrochloric acid producing cell

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16
Q

Describe the cardia region of the stomach

A

deep gastric pits which branch into loosely packed, tortuous glands

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17
Q

Describe the body of the stomach

A

Shallow gastric pits with long, straight gastric glands

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18
Q

describe the pylorus region of the stomach

A

deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in the cardia

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19
Q

what feature of the muscular externa of the stomach aids the churning action?

A

It contains an additional layer, which is oblique to the usual circular and longitudinal muscle layers and is located internal to the circular layer

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20
Q

Histologically, what happens at the gastro-duodenal junction

A

an abrupt transition from stomach mucosa to duodenal mucosa. The inner, circular layer of smooth muscle is markedly thickened to form the pyloric sphincter

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21
Q

Villi

A

finger-like projections

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22
Q

crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

between the bases of adjacent villi are pits ‘drilling’ downwards

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23
Q

What comprises the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

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24
Q

Which part of the small intestine has the tallest villi?

A

Jejunum

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25
Q

Which part of the small intestine is characterised by shorter villi and Peyers patches?

A

Ileum

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26
Q

Which part of the small intestine contains Brunner’s glands in the submucosa?

A

Duodenum

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27
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

aggregations of lymphoid follicles

28
Q

Cells of the small intestinal Epithelium

A

Enterocytes, goblet cells, panted cells, enteroendocrine cells, stem cells

29
Q

enterocytes

A

Tall, columnar cells with a brush border

30
Q

role of goblet cells in the small intestine

A

produce mucin to protect the epithelium and lubricate passage of material

31
Q

Role of panted cells in the small intestine

A

defensive function and have a role in regulating bacterial flora (secrete lysozyme and definsins)

32
Q

role of enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine

A

Produce hormones that contribute to the control of secretion and motility

33
Q

role of stem cells in the small intestine

A

divide to replenish epithelium

34
Q

What type of cells are the most numerous in the small intestinal epithelium?

A

enterocytes

35
Q

Which 2 types of cells are found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Panted and stem cells

36
Q

What type of cells are the principle absorptive cells of the small intestinal epithelium?

A

Enterocytes

37
Q

How does the duodenum differ from any other part of the GIT below the oesophagus?

A

It has Brunner’s Glands (glands found within the submucosa)

38
Q

what happens when Brunner’s glands are stimulated by chyme?

A

they produce a thin, alkaline mucous to neutralise the chyme

39
Q

Cell types found in Large intestine epithelium

A

Absorptive cells

goblet cells

40
Q

purpose of absorptive cells in the large intestine epithelium

A

removal of salts and therefore water

41
Q

purpose of goblet cells in the large intestinal epithelium

A

secretion of mucus, to lubricate the colon

42
Q

what is unique about the outer, longitudinal smooth muscle?

A

It is not continuous, but is found in 3 muscular strips called teniae coli

43
Q

How does the appendix differ from the rest of the colon?

A

the crypts are far less abundant and there is typically a circular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and often the lamina propria

44
Q

The nervous system for the digestive tract

A

Enteric nervous system

45
Q

Where are the two plexuses of the ENS?

A

in the submucosa (submucosal and between the muscle layers of the muscular externa (myenteric)

46
Q

Role of the myenteric plexus

A

Controls gut motility

47
Q

Ganglia

A

a group of neurones living outside the brain and spinal cord

48
Q

Role of submucosal plexus

A

controls the muscle of muscular mucosa and helps regulate secretion in the epithelium

49
Q

Protective mucosa

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

50
Q

Absorptive mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium with villi & tubular glands

51
Q

Secretory mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands

52
Q

Protective & absorptive mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands

53
Q

Where does the liver and pancreas develop from?

A

an outgrowth of the gut

54
Q

What type of cells are the parenchyma of the liver and the pancreas?

A

glandular epithelial cells

55
Q

What covers the liver?

A

a collagenous CT capsule, which is covered by a layer of mesoendothelial cells derived from the peritoneum

56
Q

What are the segments of the liver called?

A

Lobules

Each has a branch of the central (centrolobular) vein at the centre and portal triads at each corner

57
Q

What branches compose the portal tracts?

A

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and the bile ductule

58
Q

Which type of cells line the bile ductule?

A

Simple cuboidal cells called cholangiocytes

59
Q

Sinusoids

A

blood channels in between hepatocytes

60
Q

Space of Disse (perisinusoidal space)

A

Narrow space between lining endothelial cells and hepatocytes. Microvilli of hepatocytes are projected into this space

61
Q

Where are hepatic stellate cells found?

A

scattered in the space of Disse

62
Q

Hepatic stellate cells

A

Modified fibroblasts

  • makes CT
  • store vit A in fat droplets in the cytoplasm
63
Q

Kupffer Cells

A

macrophages scattered within sinusoids

They remove particulate matter from the blood and help remove worn out RBC

64
Q

What is bile

A

an alkaline solution containing water ions, phospholipids, bilirubin and bile salts

65
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment which is a result of Hb lysis in the spleen

Causes the brown colour faeces

GI (4 decks)

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