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GI Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What covers the oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (generally not keratinised)

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2
Q

What covers the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?

A

Covered by respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

Describe the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

stratified squamous epithelium, which is thin on the ventral surface and thick and with papillae on the dorsal surface

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4
Q

Describe the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

Smooth stratified squamous epithelium which, except for circumvallate papillae, lacks papillae but does have a lot of lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa

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5
Q

The pharynx includes a ring of ____ tissue composed of the ___, ___, ___ and ____ tonsils

A

Lymphoid

Palatine, lingual, tubal and pharyngeal

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6
Q

4 major layers of the digestive tract from inner to outer layer

A

mucosa
submucosa
musclaris externa
serosa/ adventitia

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7
Q

3 parts of the mucosa

A

Epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

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8
Q

Which type of tissue composes the submucosa?

A

Loose connective tissue

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9
Q

Composition of muscular externa

A

two thick layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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10
Q

Serosa/ adventitia

A

outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends in the digestive tract or attaches to other organs

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11
Q

Histologically, what happens at the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A

Abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium of oesophagus to the simple columnar epithelium of the cardia of the stomach

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12
Q

Gastric pits

A

found in stomach, where the surface view is flat but with holes in it

lined with surface mucous cells

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13
Q

what are found at he bottom of gastric pits?

A

between 1 and 7 gastric glands (unevenly distributed)

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14
Q

Chief cell of gastric glands

A

Digestive enzyme secreting cell

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15
Q

Parietal cell of gastric glands

A

Hydrochloric acid producing cell

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16
Q

Describe the cardia region of the stomach

A

deep gastric pits which branch into loosely packed, tortuous glands

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17
Q

Describe the body of the stomach

A

Shallow gastric pits with long, straight gastric glands

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18
Q

describe the pylorus region of the stomach

A

deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in the cardia

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19
Q

what feature of the muscular externa of the stomach aids the churning action?

A

It contains an additional layer, which is oblique to the usual circular and longitudinal muscle layers and is located internal to the circular layer

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20
Q

Histologically, what happens at the gastro-duodenal junction

A

an abrupt transition from stomach mucosa to duodenal mucosa. The inner, circular layer of smooth muscle is markedly thickened to form the pyloric sphincter

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21
Q

Villi

A

finger-like projections

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22
Q

crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

between the bases of adjacent villi are pits ‘drilling’ downwards

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23
Q

What comprises the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

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24
Q

Which part of the small intestine has the tallest villi?

A

Jejunum

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25
Which part of the small intestine is characterised by shorter villi and Peyers patches?
Ileum
26
Which part of the small intestine contains Brunner's glands in the submucosa?
Duodenum
27
What are Peyer's Patches?
aggregations of lymphoid follicles
28
Cells of the small intestinal Epithelium
Enterocytes, goblet cells, panted cells, enteroendocrine cells, stem cells
29
enterocytes
Tall, columnar cells with a brush border
30
role of goblet cells in the small intestine
produce mucin to protect the epithelium and lubricate passage of material
31
Role of panted cells in the small intestine
defensive function and have a role in regulating bacterial flora (secrete lysozyme and definsins)
32
role of enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine
Produce hormones that contribute to the control of secretion and motility
33
role of stem cells in the small intestine
divide to replenish epithelium
34
What type of cells are the most numerous in the small intestinal epithelium?
enterocytes
35
Which 2 types of cells are found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn?
Panted and stem cells
36
What type of cells are the principle absorptive cells of the small intestinal epithelium?
Enterocytes
37
How does the duodenum differ from any other part of the GIT below the oesophagus?
It has Brunner's Glands (glands found within the submucosa)
38
what happens when Brunner's glands are stimulated by chyme?
they produce a thin, alkaline mucous to neutralise the chyme
39
Cell types found in Large intestine epithelium
Absorptive cells | goblet cells
40
purpose of absorptive cells in the large intestine epithelium
removal of salts and therefore water
41
purpose of goblet cells in the large intestinal epithelium
secretion of mucus, to lubricate the colon
42
what is unique about the outer, longitudinal smooth muscle?
It is not continuous, but is found in 3 muscular strips called teniae coli
43
How does the appendix differ from the rest of the colon?
the crypts are far less abundant and there is typically a circular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and often the lamina propria
44
The nervous system for the digestive tract
Enteric nervous system
45
Where are the two plexuses of the ENS?
in the submucosa (submucosal and between the muscle layers of the muscular externa (myenteric)
46
Role of the myenteric plexus
Controls gut motility
47
Ganglia
a group of neurones living outside the brain and spinal cord
48
Role of submucosal plexus
controls the muscle of muscular mucosa and helps regulate secretion in the epithelium
49
Protective mucosa
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
50
Absorptive mucosa
simple columnar epithelium with villi & tubular glands
51
Secretory mucosa
simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands
52
Protective & absorptive mucosa
simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands
53
Where does the liver and pancreas develop from?
an outgrowth of the gut
54
What type of cells are the parenchyma of the liver and the pancreas?
glandular epithelial cells
55
What covers the liver?
a collagenous CT capsule, which is covered by a layer of mesoendothelial cells derived from the peritoneum
56
What are the segments of the liver called?
Lobules Each has a branch of the central (centrolobular) vein at the centre and portal triads at each corner
57
What branches compose the portal tracts?
Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and the bile ductule
58
Which type of cells line the bile ductule?
Simple cuboidal cells called cholangiocytes
59
Sinusoids
blood channels in between hepatocytes
60
Space of Disse (perisinusoidal space)
Narrow space between lining endothelial cells and hepatocytes. Microvilli of hepatocytes are projected into this space
61
Where are hepatic stellate cells found?
scattered in the space of Disse
62
Hepatic stellate cells
Modified fibroblasts - makes CT - store vit A in fat droplets in the cytoplasm
63
Kupffer Cells
macrophages scattered within sinusoids They remove particulate matter from the blood and help remove worn out RBC
64
What is bile
an alkaline solution containing water ions, phospholipids, bilirubin and bile salts
65
bilirubin
pigment which is a result of Hb lysis in the spleen Causes the brown colour faeces

GI (4 decks)

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