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Gastrointestinal Case > Intro to GI tract > Flashcards

Intro to GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the GI tract

Describe each one

A

Digestion-The processes by which foodstuffs are degraded to produce smaller molecules that can be absorbed
Finishes at small intestine

Absorption- The processes by which nutrient molecules are absorbed by cells that line the GI tract and enter the bloodstream Starts at small intestine
Protection- The processes by which the lining of the GI tract is protected from damage during digestion of foodstuffs

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2
Q

Describe the gastrointestinal tract proximal to distal

A

Mouth- Pharynx- Oesophagus- Stomach - Duodenum- Jejunum- Ileum- Colon- Rectum- Anus

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3
Q

What are the associated organs of the GI tract and what do they associate with

A

Salivary glands - mouth

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas- Small intestine

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4
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas

A

part of the pancreas that produces enzymes

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5
Q

What is the common structure layers of the GI tract starting proximal to the lumen

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa- closest to abdomen

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6
Q

What is the regional specialisation of the stomach

A

Gastric pits

Gastric glands- responsible for acid secretion

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7
Q

What is the regional specialisation of the large intestine

A

Flat surface

Crypts coming of surface- mucus secreting cells

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8
Q

Where are crypts found

A

Small and large intestine

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium- Single layer
Lamina propria- Most of the mucosa
Muscularis mucosae- Muscular layer

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10
Q

What is lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue made up a fibroblast predominantly

made of muscle nerve blood cells

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11
Q

What is the function of the muscularis mucosae

A

Local movement E.g squeezing glands

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12
Q

What is the submucosa made of?

A

Connective tissue made of fibroblasts

made of muscle nerve blood cells

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis externa?

How are they positioned?

A

Inner Circular muscle- wraps around tube

Outer Longitudinal muscle -along the length of the tube

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14
Q

What is serosa made of

A

Connective tissue made of fibroblasts

made of muscle nerve blood cells

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15
Q

What things are found in the wall of the GI tract? Where?

A

Lymph node(GALT) - mucosa
Glands- Submucosa
Network of neurons

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16
Q

What does GALT stand for?

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue

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17
Q

What is the function of GALT

A

To recognise food stuffs so body doesn’t initiate immune response against them
So protects GI Tract

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18
Q

Where do you find glands in the submucosa? Names?

A

In two places
Bottom of oesophagus - submucosal gland
Top of small intesstine(Duodeum)- Brunners gland

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19
Q

What are the network of neurones found in the GI tract?

Function?

A

Two
Submucosal plexus
(Meissner’s plexus)

Myenteric plexus
(Auerbach’s plexus)

regulating gastrointestinal tract function

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20
Q

Where are the network of neurones found in the GI tract?

A 
Submucosal plexus 
(Meissner's plexus)- Found in between muscularis externa and submucosa- Only found in small and large intestine

Myenteric plexus
(Auerbach’s plexus)- found in between the two layers of muscularis externa
Starts at oesophagus and ends at rectum. Completely throughout

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21
Q

What are the levels of amplification of surface area of the GI tract

A

Circular or spiral folds
Villus
Microvilli

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22
Q

What is special about the epithelial cells of the GI tract?

A

Polarised

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23
Q

What is meant by polarised?

A

Two distinct membranes

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24
Q

What are the membranes of the epithelial cells

A

Apical membrane

Basolateral membrane

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25
Q

What is an apical membrane?

A

Facing the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract

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26
Q

What is a basal lateral membrane?

A

Facing the rest of the gastrointestinal tract that isn’t the lumen

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27
Q

What membrane makes up most of the epithelial cells?

A

basolateral membrane

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28
Q

What separates the membranes of the epithelial cells

A

Tight juctions

29
Q

What is the function of tight juctions in the epithelial cells?

A

Sorting different transport proteins to the two membranes. Preventing proteins entering apical membrane frim travelling to the basolateral membrane

30
Q

What is vectorial transport

A

Cells can transport in a specific direction

31
Q

What is transcellular transport

A

Transporting through cells

32
Q

What is paracellular transport/pathway?

A

Transport between cells

33
Q

What are parietal cells function?

A

Acid secretion

34
Q

What are the major sites of GI secretion in the GI tract? 4

A

Salivary glands
Gastric glands
Exocrine pancreas
Liver-biliary system Small Intestine

35
Q

What is the total GI secretion per day

A

6 ~ 7 l

36
Q

What does GI secretion contain?

A

enzymes, ions, water and mucus

37
Q

What is the function of secretion

A

breakdown large compounds
regulate pH
dilute and protect

38
Q

What is the blood supply to the GI tract

A

Splanchnic circulation

39
Q

Describe how arteries positioned in the Splanchnic circulation

A 
Branching from abdominal aorta
Arteries goes to
Intestines
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
Liver
40
Q

Describe how veins positioned in the Splanchnic circulation

A 
Veins branching from
Intestines
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
join together to form Portal vein and  pass through the liver ( where liver absorbs nutrients FIRST) and join the hepatic vein which joins into the inferior vena cava
41
Q

Microvasculature of the Villus

A

Central arteriole goes through middle of villi then goes to top of the villi to form rich capillary network and then through central venule
Central lacteals

42
Q

What happens to nutrients absorbed by the villi

A

Arterioles and Venules take in absorbed amino acids and sugars to take to the liver
Lacteals take in reassembled fats that were fatty aids and monoglyceride where they join with intestinal lymph and then into circulation at the thoraxic duct

43
Q

difference in blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract between the fasting state and the fed state after a meal

A

Eight times increases

sequential blood delivery- doesnt happen all at once

44
Q

What regulates the blood supply of the GI tract?

A

Vagus nerve increases digestion

cholecystokinin CCK
vasodilator metabolites

45
Q

What is cholecystokinin

A

Peptide hormone

46
Q

How does absorbing via vili affect metabolism

A

Metabolically expensive

47
Q

Example of vasodilator metabolites

A

CO2

48
Q

Regulatory Mechanisms

Control Gastrointestinal Function

A

Endocrine:
Peptide hormone released by a specialised cell
Release of a transmitter (e.g. peptide) into blood for delivery to distant target cell.
Paracrine:
Release of a transmitter from a sensor cell to affect adjacent target cells without entering blood or activating neurons

Neuronal:
Electrical signalling via neurons

49
Q

Where do you find endocrine cells

A

In the mucosa of the stomach. intestine and pancreas

50
Q

What cells produce gastrin?

A

G cells

51
Q

What cells produce cholocystokinin

A

I cells

52
Q

What cells produce secretin?

A

S cells

53
Q

What cells produce Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)?

A

K cells

54
Q

What cells produce Somatostatin?

A

D cells

55
Q

Where are G cells located?

A

Stomach

56
Q

Where are I cells located?

A

Small Intestine

57
Q

Where are S cells located?

A

Small Intestine

58
Q

Where are K cells located?

A

Small Intestine

59
Q

Where are D cells located?

A

Stomach, Pancreatic islets, Small Intestine

60
Q

What is Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) also known as?

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide

61
Q

What opposes the role of Gastrin?

A

Somatostatin

62
Q

What is special about the Somatostatin hormone

A

Dual role

Endocrine and Paracrine factor

63
Q

What is the function of Gastrin

A

Gastric secretion

Gastric motility

64
Q

What is the function of CCK

A

Gallbladder contraction
Pancreatic secretion
Stimulates blood flow

65
Q

What is the function of GIP

A

Stimulates insulin release

66
Q

What is the vagovagal reflex

A

Intrinsic mervous system interacting with the autonomic nervous sytem and parasymthetic nerves to make change
Long range reflex

67
Q

Explain what happens in the Intrinsic nervous system?

A

Chemo/ Mechanoreceptors detect change
Submucosal/ Myenteric plexus
carry signals through to effectors (smooth muscle/ Secretory cell/ blood vessel)

68
Q

Explain what happens in the Vagovagal reflex

A

Chemo/ Mechanoreceptors detect change
Submucosal/ Myenteric plexus
carry signals through to parasympathetic which get signals to brain and then signals to effectors (smooth muscle/ Secretory cell/ blood vessel)

69
Q

What are the three phases of gastrointestinal control

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

Gastrointestinal Case (11 decks)

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