Intro to Geology

Question 1

define geology

Answer 1

study of earth and other extraterrestrial bodies, form, and composition, processes undergone & undergoing

Question 2

root words of geology

Answer 2

Greek
ge - logia
geo- -logos
earth; study of

Question 3

3 things to take account in geology

Answer 3

time
scale
complexity of replicating natural processes

Question 4

describe time with respect to geology

Answer 4

• geologic time, deep time
• millions of years compared to earth’s billions
• Earth = 24 hrs; humans = 7 secs
• all processes and events are relative to each other

Question 5

describe scale with respect to geology

3

Answer 5

• small vs large scale = for impact of certain hazard
• micro vs macro = micro is petrographic microscope
• local vs regional = local: mountain; regional: mountain range

Question 6

describe complexity of replicating natural processes with respect to geology

Answer 6

• models large scale phenomena thru accessible objects and controlled analogs
• ex. indenter tectonic model (tapponier et al, 1982)= explains current regional tectonics and relative position of india, mainland eurasia. and neighboring plates using indenting block analog

Question 7

what are the branches of geology

Answer 7

physical & historical

Question 8

what is physical geology

2

Answer 8

earth’s rocks and minerals
understand processes below surface

Question 9

11 branches of physical geology

MiVoPeSt/SEEM/GPlaPet

Answer 9

mineralogy
petrology
volcanology
structural geology
seismology
environmental geology
engineering geology
petroleum geology
environmental geology
mining geology
geomorphology
planetary geology

Question 10

what is mineralogy

Answer 10

study of minerals (building blocks of rocks)
both micro & macro

Question 11

what is petrology

Answer 11

rocks; how they form & evolve

Question 12

what is volcanology

Answer 12

volcanoes, landforms made, phenomena, etc

Question 13

what is structural geology

Answer 13

geologic structures (folds and faults) w/ seismology

Question 14

what is seismology

3

Answer 14

• earthquakes (source and effects)
• movt of seismic waves thru earth
• proved earth has different layers

Question 15

what is environmental geology

Answer 15

• geology to solve environmental issues
• effect of humans to geologic envi & vv

Question 16

what is engineering geology

Answer 16

• geology to engineering
• geologic hazards in construction and operation

Question 17

what is mining geology

Answer 17

mining resources thru geology

Question 18

what is geomorphology

Answer 18

shape of earh (landofrms) and how they were formed

Question 19

what is petroleum geology

Answer 19

extraction of petroleum etc

Question 20

what is planetary geology

Answer 20

for geology of planets

Question 21

what is historical geology

Answer 21

origin and evolution of earth thru time

Question 22

branches of historical geology

3

Answer 22

palentology
stratigraphy
geochronology

Question 23

what is paleontology

Answer 23

fossils

Question 24

what is stratigraphy

Answer 24

diff layers of rock formation on lithosphere and succession

Question 25

what is geochronology

Answer 25

based on time

Question 26

what are the early schools of thought in geology

Answer 26

catastrophism uniformatism actualism

Question 27

what is catastrophism | 3 ## Footnote atlantis, noah's ark, oracle at delphi, rama's bridge

Answer 27

* by baron georges cuvier, 16th century * change due to sudden worldwide catastrophies (features of Earth remain unchanged between catastrophes) * widely accepted by theologians in early 1800s bec. very similar to bible events, cultures, and religions

Question 28

what is uniformatism | 3

Answer 28

* by james hutton 18th century * earth is continously modified by geologic processes throughout time * present same as past processes w/c shaped Earth

Question 29

what is actualism | 5

Answer 29

* by charles lyell principle of geology * "present is the key to the past" * generally accepted * accepts long lifespan of the earth (creation takes time) * most adopted due to more rational and cyclical ideology