Intro To Genetics Flashcards
What is a gene?
A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to the offspring
What is a gene?
A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to the offspring
What is an allele?
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
What is a chromosome?
A threadlike structure if nuclei acid and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. Carrying genetic information in the form of genus
What is a genome?
An organisms complete set of DNA including all its genes. Each genome contained all the into needed to build and maintain that organism
What is the germ plasm theory?
Inheritance of a multicellular organism only takes place by means of the germ cells; the gametes such as egg sperm cells.
What is evolution?`
Changes in gene frequency in a population overtime
What is genetics?
Study if genes, heredity, and genetics variation in living organisms
What is molecular genetics?
The field that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level
What is transmission genetics?
Classical genetics, how traits are passed from one generation to the next
What is molecular genetics?
Gene structure, function and regulation
At is population genetics?
The stint of the gene composition of groups and hope gene frequency changes geographically or with time
What are some characteristics of a goof model organism?
- short generation time
- lots of babies
-the ability to carry out genetic crosses
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What are the three reason genetics are important?
1 - genes influence our lives
2- genes contribute to personality
3 - genes are fundamental to the reason of who we are
How do genes affect out susceptibility to many diseases and disorders?
A normal cell can be concerted into a cancer cell when an inactivated oncogene is exposed to a cancer causing agent. It will then become an activated oncogene which could turn into a cancel cell
What was the first FDA approved gene therapy?
Luxturna: this was a genetically modified virus that mocks a healthy gene into the eyes of patients born with retina dystrophy.
Preformationists
Was believed in the 17th or 18th century that there was a full human baby formed inside of the sperm or eggs
Blending inheritance
Inherited traits that are determined by the traits found inside the range of the parents. The height of a person would be in the middle of his short mom and tall dad
Inheritance of acquired characteristics : lamarckianism
If an organisms changed over its life time to adapt to the environment then the traits are given to the baby
A dad with big muscles at the time of conception will give the baby big muscles as well
Pangenesis
The thought that all the information needed to specify the body part was packaged and sent to the reproductive system. Then all those info packets was shoved into the sperm or egg
Germ cell theory
Multicellular organisms produce a germ cell that contains all the heritable info and somatic cells which carry out body function and do not provide hereditary info
Mendel
Heredity
Schleiden and Schwann
Cell theory
Fleming
Chromosomes
Darwin
Evolution
Weismann
Germ plasma theory
Sutton
Genes are located on the chromosome
Crick and Watson
Structure of DNA
Francis Collin’s
Progeria and the human genome project
What is the definition of evolution?
A change in genetic frequency in a population over time
Major differences in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
- missing nucleus
- small cell
- circular genome
- no complex DNA
- small amount if DNA
- no membrane bund organelles
Eukaryotes
- has a nucleons
- large cell
- linear genome
- complex DNA
- has membrane bound organelles 15th
Major differences in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
- missing nucleus
- small cell
- circular genome
- no complex DNA
- small amount if DNA
- no membrane bund organelles
Eukaryotes
- has a nucleons
- large cell
- linear genome
- complex DNA
- has membrane bound organelles
What is a virus
Neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Outer protein coat
What are homologous chromosomes
Similar but not identical. Each homologous pair carries that same genes but may have a slightly different allele
Submetacentric
Centromere is situated to where there is a somewhat short arm and a long arm
Metacentric
Is when the centromere is directly in the middle of the chromosome causing both arms to be equal
Telocentric
Is when the centimeter is at the very tip of the chromosome only causing a long arm and not short arm
Acrocentric
Is when the centromere is placed towards the top almost touching the top creating a small arm and a long arm
What happens in interphase during the cell cycle
Extended period between cell divisions where DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase
What occurs in the G1 phase
The cell grows
What is the G1/S checkpoint
This is where a cell is looked over to make sure it is ready. If it is not ready, it is sent back to the G0 checkpoint
What happened after the G1/S checkpoint
This is when the cell is committed to dividing and is sent to the S phase
S phase?
In S phase DNA is replicated
G2 phase
Here the cells prepares for mitosis
What happens at the G2/ M checkpoint
This is where the cell is dividing and is then sent to mitosis
What is the cell cycle steps
G1 - G1/S check point - G0 ( if needed) - S phase - G2 - GS/M - Mitosis
What is mitosis and what are the steps?
Separation of sister chromatids
PPMAT
Prophase - chromosomes condense
Prometaphase - membrane breaks down
Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase - chromosomes are separated
Telophase - chromosomes arrive and new cells form
What are the genetic consequences of the cell cycle
- Each newly formed cell has all the chromosomes needed
-Each newly forms cell only have half the cytoplasm content as the original parent
What does meiosis produce
What does fertilization do
What is genetic variation
Production of haploid games
The fusion of haploid cells
Consequence of meiosis
What is interphase in meiosis
DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase
What happenes in meiosis 1
Separation for homologous chromosome pairs and reducing the chromosome number in half 46 - 23
Why is prophase in meiosis separate from prophase in mitosis
In prophase 1 there is crossing over that occurs
What is the difference between non disjunction and aneuploify?
Nondisjunction - is when there is an incorrect number of chromosomes cross over due to the failure of separation
Aneuploidy - is when there are extra or missing chromosomes in some or all the cells
