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Genetics > Intro To Genetics > Flashcards

Intro To Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to the offspring

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to the offspring

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3
Q

What is an allele?

A

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

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4
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A threadlike structure if nuclei acid and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. Carrying genetic information in the form of genus

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5
Q

What is a genome?

A

An organisms complete set of DNA including all its genes. Each genome contained all the into needed to build and maintain that organism

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6
Q

What is the germ plasm theory?

A

Inheritance of a multicellular organism only takes place by means of the germ cells; the gametes such as egg sperm cells.

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7
Q

What is evolution?`

A

Changes in gene frequency in a population overtime

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8
Q

What is genetics?

A

Study if genes, heredity, and genetics variation in living organisms

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9
Q

What is molecular genetics?

A

The field that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level

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10
Q

What is transmission genetics?

A

Classical genetics, how traits are passed from one generation to the next

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11
Q

What is molecular genetics?

A

Gene structure, function and regulation

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12
Q

At is population genetics?

A

The stint of the gene composition of groups and hope gene frequency changes geographically or with time

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of a goof model organism?

A
  • short generation time
  • lots of babies
    -the ability to carry out genetic crosses
    -
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14
Q

What are the three reason genetics are important?

A

1 - genes influence our lives
2- genes contribute to personality
3 - genes are fundamental to the reason of who we are

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15
Q

How do genes affect out susceptibility to many diseases and disorders?

A

A normal cell can be concerted into a cancer cell when an inactivated oncogene is exposed to a cancer causing agent. It will then become an activated oncogene which could turn into a cancel cell

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16
Q

What was the first FDA approved gene therapy?

A

Luxturna: this was a genetically modified virus that mocks a healthy gene into the eyes of patients born with retina dystrophy.

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17
Q

Preformationists

A

Was believed in the 17th or 18th century that there was a full human baby formed inside of the sperm or eggs

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18
Q

Blending inheritance

A

Inherited traits that are determined by the traits found inside the range of the parents. The height of a person would be in the middle of his short mom and tall dad

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19
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics : lamarckianism

A

If an organisms changed over its life time to adapt to the environment then the traits are given to the baby

A dad with big muscles at the time of conception will give the baby big muscles as well

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20
Q

Pangenesis

A

The thought that all the information needed to specify the body part was packaged and sent to the reproductive system. Then all those info packets was shoved into the sperm or egg

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21
Q

Germ cell theory

A

Multicellular organisms produce a germ cell that contains all the heritable info and somatic cells which carry out body function and do not provide hereditary info

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22
Q

Mendel

A

Heredity

23
Q

Schleiden and Schwann

A

Cell theory

24
Q

Fleming

A

Chromosomes

25
Q

Darwin

A

Evolution

26
Q

Weismann

A

Germ plasma theory

27
Q

Sutton

A

Genes are located on the chromosome

28
Q

Crick and Watson

A

Structure of DNA

29
Q

Francis Collin’s

A

Progeria and the human genome project

30
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

A change in genetic frequency in a population over time

31
Q

Major differences in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes
- missing nucleus
- small cell
- circular genome
- no complex DNA
- small amount if DNA
- no membrane bund organelles

Eukaryotes
- has a nucleons
- large cell
- linear genome
- complex DNA
- has membrane bound organelles 15th

32
Q

Major differences in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes
- missing nucleus
- small cell
- circular genome
- no complex DNA
- small amount if DNA
- no membrane bund organelles

Eukaryotes
- has a nucleons
- large cell
- linear genome
- complex DNA
- has membrane bound organelles

33
Q

What is a virus

A

Neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Outer protein coat

34
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

Similar but not identical. Each homologous pair carries that same genes but may have a slightly different allele

35
Q

Submetacentric

A

Centromere is situated to where there is a somewhat short arm and a long arm

36
Q

Metacentric

A

Is when the centromere is directly in the middle of the chromosome causing both arms to be equal

37
Q

Telocentric

A

Is when the centimeter is at the very tip of the chromosome only causing a long arm and not short arm

38
Q

Acrocentric

A

Is when the centromere is placed towards the top almost touching the top creating a small arm and a long arm

39
Q

What happens in interphase during the cell cycle

A

Extended period between cell divisions where DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase

40
Q

What occurs in the G1 phase

A

The cell grows

41
Q

What is the G1/S checkpoint

A

This is where a cell is looked over to make sure it is ready. If it is not ready, it is sent back to the G0 checkpoint

42
Q

What happened after the G1/S checkpoint

A

This is when the cell is committed to dividing and is sent to the S phase

43
Q

S phase?

A

In S phase DNA is replicated

44
Q

G2 phase

A

Here the cells prepares for mitosis

45
Q

What happens at the G2/ M checkpoint

A

This is where the cell is dividing and is then sent to mitosis

46
Q

What is the cell cycle steps

A

G1 - G1/S check point - G0 ( if needed) - S phase - G2 - GS/M - Mitosis

47
Q

What is mitosis and what are the steps?

A

Separation of sister chromatids

PPMAT

Prophase - chromosomes condense
Prometaphase - membrane breaks down
Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase - chromosomes are separated
Telophase - chromosomes arrive and new cells form

48
Q

What are the genetic consequences of the cell cycle

A
  • Each newly formed cell has all the chromosomes needed
    -Each newly forms cell only have half the cytoplasm content as the original parent
49
Q

What does meiosis produce

What does fertilization do

What is genetic variation

A

Production of haploid games

The fusion of haploid cells

Consequence of meiosis

50
Q

What is interphase in meiosis

A

DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase

51
Q

What happenes in meiosis 1

A

Separation for homologous chromosome pairs and reducing the chromosome number in half 46 - 23

52
Q

Why is prophase in meiosis separate from prophase in mitosis

A

In prophase 1 there is crossing over that occurs

53
Q

What is the difference between non disjunction and aneuploify?

A

Nondisjunction - is when there is an incorrect number of chromosomes cross over due to the failure of separation

Aneuploidy - is when there are extra or missing chromosomes in some or all the cells

Genetics (4 decks)

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