Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology Lec > Intro to General Toxicology > Flashcards

Intro to General Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the adverse effects of chemicals and other substances on living organisms

A

toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the science of poisons, their adverse effects, and the treatment of the disorders.

A

toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Plants and fish poisons

A

ANTIQUITY - Chinese Journals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Aconite - chinese arrow poison

A

ANTIQUITY - Chinese Journals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

________ - chinese arrow poison

A

Aconite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Focus primarily on venoms

A

ANTIQUITY - Chinese Journals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Chinese Journals focus primarily on __________

A

venoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Ebers Papyrus

A

ANTIQUITY - Egyptian Documents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Contains information pertaining to
many recognized poisons like hemlock, aconite, opium, and metals such as lead, copper, and antimony

A

Ebers Papyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Most extensive and preserved record of Ancient Egypt

A

Ebers Papyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Poisons and antidotes

A

ANTIQUITY - Hindu Medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Classified 600 plant, animal, and mineral poisons

A

ANTIQUITY - Greek Physicians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Most popular: hemlock, a state poison; e.g., for death penalty

A

ANTIQUITY - Greek Physicians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

active ingredient of hemlock

A

coniine, a piperidine alkaloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Introduced bioavailability in
therapy and overdosage

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Inhibits the nervous system, leading to paralysis, causing death by suffocation w/c is the cause of death of Socrates

A

hemlock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

“Father of Botany”

A

Theophrastus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Added a number of poisons and
clinical toxicology principles pertaining to bioavailability and overdosage

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Student of Aristotle

A

Theophrastus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Poisonous plants in De Historia
Plantarum

A

Theophrastus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

1st to attempt to classify poisons; e.g., under plants, animals, or minerals

A

Dioscorides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Five volume compilation
containing 600 plants and
1000 different medications

A

De Materia Medica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

First systemic pharmacopoeia; also one of the oldest

A

De Materia Medica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Ingested a mixture of 36
ingredients as protection against
assassination

A

King Mithridates VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

meaning antidote or
protective mixture

A

Mithridatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Poisons used for assassinations or
executions

A

Romans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

first law against poisoning

A

Lex Cornelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

wrote Lex Cornelia

A

Sulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Spannish rabbi

A

MIDDLE AGE - Maimonides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Poisons and their Antidotes

A

MIDDLE AGE - Maimonides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

“Moses ben Maimon”

A

MIDDLE AGE - Maimonides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

He included a treatise on the treatment of poisoning from insects, snakes, and mad dogs

A

MIDDLE AGE - Maimonides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Milk, butter, and cream could affect the
bioavailability by delaying intestinal
absorption

A

MIDDLE AGE - Maimonides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Tested toxic concoctions

A

MIDDLE AGES - Catherine de Medici

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Noted the following:
■ Rapidity of the toxic response or onset of action
■ Effectiveness of the compound or potency
■ Degree of response of the parts of the body or specificity and site of action
■ Complaints of the victim or clinical signs and symptoms

A

MIDDLE AGES - Catherine de Medici

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus
Bombastus von Hohenheim-Paracelsus

A

RENAISSANCE - Paracelsus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

A physician-alchemist

A

RENAISSANCE - Paracelsus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

He focused on primary toxic agent as a chemical entity

A

RENAISSANCE - Paracelsus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

He formulated the Dose of Response as a bulwark of toxicology

A

RENAISSANCE - Paracelsus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

“All substances known to man are poison, there is none which is not a poison, and only the dose determines the effect.”

A

RENAISSANCE - Paracelsus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

According to Paracelsus, _____ is essential in
the examination of responses to
chemicals

A

Experimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

According to Paracelsus, One should make a distinction
between the ______ and _____
properties of chemicals

These properties are sometimes
but not always indistinguishable
except by _______

A

therapeutic and toxic; dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

He held this:
One can ascertain a degree of
specificity of chemicals and their
therapeutic or toxic effects

A

RENAISSANCE - Paracelsus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Discovered Hg and Pb toxicity from goldsmithing

A

RENAISSANCE - Ellenbog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Ellenbog Discovered Hg and Pb toxicity from __________

A

goldsmithing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

“On the Miners’ Sickness and
Other Diseases of Miners” where he depicted the etiology of miners’ diseases and the treatment and preventive strategies

A

RENAISSANCE - Agricola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Occupational Toxicology - 2 people

A

Bernardino Ramanzzini, Percival Pott

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Discourse on the disease of workers

A

RENAISSANCE - Bernardino Ramanzzini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Poly-aromatic hydrocarbon
carinogenicity

A

RENAISSANCE - Percival Pott

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Soots from chimney
causes scrotal cancer

A

RENAISSANCE - Percival Pott

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Experimental Toxicology

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

MOA of emetine and strychnine

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - Magendie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Orfila is a _____

A

physician

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

First toxicologist to use autopsy

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - Orfila

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

“Father of Modern Toxicology”

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - Orfila

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Magendie’s student

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - Bernard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

“Introduction to the Study of Experimental
Medicine”

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - Bernard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Trained 120 students who later populated the most important laboratories of pharmacology and toxicology worldwide

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - Oswald Schmiedeberg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Synthesis of hippuric acid which is fundamental for liver function

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - Oswald Schmiedeberg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Chronic toxicity of narcotics and other alkaloids

A

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - Louis Lewin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Prevalent use of “patent” medicines led to several incidents of poisoning from these medicaments

A

MODERN ERA - 20th Century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Upton Sinclair exposé of the meat packing industry in ______

A

The Jungle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Passage of Wiley Bill in 1906

A

US Pure Food and Drug Laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

One of the first journals of experimental
toxicology

A

Archiv fur Toxikologie i.e., Archives of Toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

vital amines

A

vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

This led to the use of the first large-scale bioassays or multiple animal studies

A

DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY AND VITAMINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

LAWS ESTABLISHED DURING THE 20TH CENTURY

Utilized The Jungle of Upton Sinclair

A

Wiley Bill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

LAWS ESTABLISHED DURING THE 20TH CENTURY

First of the U.S. pure food and drug laws

A

Wiley Bill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

LAWS ESTABLISHED DURING THE 20TH CENTURY

As reponse to the consequence of acute kidney failure after taking sulfanilamide in glycols solutions

A

Establishment of the National Insitute of Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

LAWS ESTABLISHED DURING THE 20TH CENTURY

○ Was passed into a Law
○ Second bill involving the establishment of Food and Drug Authority

A

Copeland Bill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

LAWS ESTABLISHED DURING THE 20TH CENTURY

Includes substances that was neither a drug nor a food had to be shown to be safe and efficacious for approval

A

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Any chemical found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals or humans could not be added to the US Food Supply

A

AFTER WORLD WAR II - The Delaney Clause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

First American journal dedicated to
toxicology

A

AFTER WORLD WAR II - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

63
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Developed staining procedures to observe
cell and tissues

A

AFTER WORLD WAR II - Paul Erlich

63
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Pioneered the understanding of how
toxicants influence living organisms

A

AFTER WORLD WAR II - Paul Erlich

64
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Attempts to understand the effects of
chemicals on the embryo and fetus and on the environment as a whole gained momentum

A

AFTER WORLD WAR II - 1960s

64
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

__________ developed as a subdiscipline and risk assessment become a major product of toxicologic investigations

A

Cellular and molecular toxicology

64
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

used for morning sickness
in pregnant women, but caused deformities in babies, affecting the extremities

A

Thalidomide

65
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

by Rachel Carson

A

Silent Spring

66
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Convulsions jumping
and involuntary

A

Minamata Disease: Dancing cat fever

67
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Caused by exposure of people to methylmercury which targets the central nervous system, kidney, and liver

A

AFTER WORLD WAR II - Minamata Disease

68
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

People ate the fish that were exposed to methylmercury

A

AFTER WORLD WAR II - Minamata Disease

69
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

what era was Sequencing of Human Genome under?

A

21ST CENTURY TOXICOLOGY

69
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

3 organisms possessing
orthologs of human genes:

A

○ Zebra fish - Danio rerio,
○ Roundworms - Caenorhabditis elegans,
and
○ Fruit flies - Drosophila melanogaster

70
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

identify common name: Danio rerio

A

Zebra fish

71
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

identify common name: Drosophila melanogaster

A

Fruit flies

72
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

identify common name: Caenorhabditis elegans

A

Roundworms

73
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Novel approaches to studying the fetal
origin of adult diseases

A

21st CENTURY TOXICOLOGY - Epigenetics

74
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Study of the adverse effects of
xenobiotics

A

21st CENTURY TOXICOLOGY - Toxicology

75
Q

HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of ________

A

21st CENTURY TOXICOLOGY - xenobiotics

76
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

substances produced naturally

A

Toxins

77
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

synthetic, weakened, or
inactivated toxins

A

Toxoids

78
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

produced or a by-product of human
activities

A

Toxicants

79
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

“corpus delicti” or “body of evidence”

A

poison

80
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Any substance which can cause injury,
disease, and death, when applied, introduced into, or developed within the body

A

poison

80
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Clinical toxicity secondary to accidental
exposure

A

poisoning

81
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Any foreign substance - not normally found
in the body
○ E.g., cosmetics, vaccines, pesticides

A

xenobiotic

82
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The toxicity associated with any chemical
substance

A

intoxication

83
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

An intentional exposure with the intent of
causing injury or death

A

overdose

84
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Frequency of occurrence of adverse
reactions upon exposure to the poison

A

risk

85
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The likelihood that injury will occur in a
given situation or setting

A

hazard

86
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Ability of a substance to cause biological
change leading to adverse effects

A

toxicity

87
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The probability that harm will not occur
under specified conditions

A

safety

88
Q

DEFINITION OF TERMS

A collection of signs and symptoms which
characterizes a specific toxicant

A

toxidrome

88
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Deals with investigation of the toxic effect of the substance on the biological system

A

experimental toxicology

89
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Use of a living organism; e.g., animal models –
mice, rat, rabbit

A

experimental toxicology

89
Q

What is the most commonly used animal model in experimental toxicology?

A

Guinea pig - Cavia porcellus

90
Q

TYPE OF DOSE

Smallest dose that kills 50% of the population

A

median lethal dose or LD50 & median lethal concentration or LC50

91
Q

TYPE OF DOSE

Poisons administered at any route except inhalation

A

LD50

92
Q

T/F: The term LC50 is only used for poisons administered via inhalation or aquatic exposure

A

True

93
Q

Maximum amount of drug considered safe

A

threshold limit value

94
Q

T/F: The lower the TLV, the more dangerous the substance as it would have a narrow therapeutic index

A

True

95
Q

TYPE OF DOSE

Dose which produces the desired effect in 50% of subjects

A

median effective dose or ED50

96
Q

Measure of safety or the ratio of the LD50 to ED50

A

therapeutic index

97
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Involves the diagnosis/treatment or antidote of poisoning cases with emphasis on medical sciences, including signs and symptoms or toxidromes

A

clinical toxicology

98
Q

CLASS OF DRUG

Atropine

A

anticholinergics - dry

98
Q

CLASS OF DRUG

organophosphate

A

cholinergics - wet

99
Q

CLASS OF DRUG

carbamates

A

cholinergics - wet

99
Q

CLASS OF DRUG

amphetamine

A

sympathomimetics

100
Q

CLASS OF DRUG

cocaine

A

sympathomimetics

100
Q

CLASS OF DRUG

morphine

A

opiates

100
Q

CLASS OF DRUG

heroin

A

opiates

101
Q

TOXIDROME

anticholinergics aka alice in the wonderland symptoms

A

dry mucosa, hyperthermia, mydriasis, delirium, flushed skin due to vasodilation

102
Q

TOXIDROME

cholinergics

A

DUMBBLESS / SLUDGE

103
Q

TOXIDROME

sympathomimetics

A

mydriasis, tachycardia, HTN, seizures

104
Q

TOXIDROME

opiates

A

tria: miosis, hypotension, coma

hyperventilation, bradycardia

105
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Deals with deleterious effects and impact
of chemicals present as toxins of the environment, to the living organism

A

environmental toxicology

106
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Specialized area within environment toxicology that focuses more specifically on the impacts of toxic substances on population dynamics in an ecosystem

A

ecotoxicology

107
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Concerned with sampling and toxicity testing which provide information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements

A

regulatory toxicology

108
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Deals with the medical and legal aspects of poisoning

A

forensic toxicology

109
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Deals with the mechanisms by which chemicals exert their toxic effects on organisms

A

mechanistic toxicology

110
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Deals with the chemicals found in the workplace

A

occupational toxicology

111
Q

What is the major route of poisoning under occupational toxicology?

A

inhalational

111
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Concerned directly with toxicity testing

A

descriptive toxicology

112
Q

AREAS OF TOXICOLOGY

Concerned with diseases caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances

A

clinical toxicology

113
Q

DEFINITION

something that can cause HARM

A

hazard

114
Q

DEFINITION

chance – high or low – that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm

A

risk

115
Q

Enumerate the types of hazards

A
  1. biological
  2. chemical
  3. ergonomic
  4. physical
  5. psychological
  6. safety
115
Q

TYPE OF HAZARD

include virus, bacteria, insects, animals

A

biologic

116
Q

TYPE OF HAZARD

nature of this hazard will depend on the properties of the chemicals used and stored on the premises

A

chemical

117
Q

TYPE OF HAZARD

result of physical factors that can lead to MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES

A

ergonomic

118
Q

TYPE OF HAZARD

result of environmental factors and include heights, vibration, radiation, and pressure

A

physical

119
Q

TYPE OF HAZARD

include hazards that can have an adverse effect on an individual’s mental health or wellbeing

A

psychological

120
Q

TYPE OF HAZARD

hazard that create unsafe working conditions

A

safety

121
Q

A _______ is the likelihood of a person being injured or receiving an adverse health effect due to a _____________ occurrence

A

risk; hazard

122
Q

What are the factors that can influence risk?

A
  1. frequency of exposure
  2. route of exposure
  3. severity
123
Q

What are the major routes of exposure?

A
  1. GIT - ingestion
  2. lungs - inhalation
  3. skin - topical, percutaneous, dermal
  4. parenteral - IV, IM, or SQ
124
Q

Arrange the routes of exposure according to decreasing severity

A

IV > IH > I > SQ > IM > ID > PO

125
Q

What are the categories of exposure?

A
  1. acute
  2. subacute
  3. subchronic
  4. chronic
126
Q

How many hours of exposure to be considered acute, subacute, subchronic, or chronic?

A

single exposure: acute - <24h
repeated exposures:
subacute - 1 mos or less
subchronic - 1 to 3 mos
chronic - >3mos

127
Q

What is the most often route of repeated exposure?

A

PO

128
Q

What are the types of poisoning effects?

A
  1. local
  2. remote
  3. combined
129
Q

POISONING EFFECTS

impression made by the poison is to the body part it made contact with

A

local effect

130
Q

LOCAL EFFECTS

upon contact to body, what type of effect do acids – e.g., H2SO4 on cornea – produce?

A

corrosive effect that can lead to coagulative necrosis aka solidification

130
Q

LOCAL EFFECTS

upon contact to body, what type of effect do bases/alkalis – e.g., NaOH on cornea – produce?

A

caustic effect that can lead to liquefactive necrosis aka perforation

131
Q

POISONING EFFECTS

effect is produced in an area other than the site of application

A

remote

132
Q

COMBINED EFFECTS

state the local & systemic effects of phosphorus

A

local: cutaneous burns
systemic: hepatic and renal failure

133
Q

COMBINED EFFECTS

state the local & systemic effects of cantharidin from sting of Spanish fly

A

local: vesicant or blister
systemic: aphrodisiac/genitourinary irritant that can lead to renal dysfunction

133
Q

EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC EFFECTS

irritants

A

acids and alkalis

134
Q

EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC EFFECTS

neurotics

A

hallucinogens

135
Q

EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC EFFECTS

carcinogenic

A

nitrosamines, aflatoxins found in molds in crops

135
Q

EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC EFFECTS

asphyxiants

A

CO, methane gas

136
Q

EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC EFFECTS

lacrimators

A

cholinergics, carbamates, organophosphates

137
Q

EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC EFFECTS

sternutators

A

strychnine, veratrine

138
Q

EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC EFFECTS

asthenics

A

tubocurarine, NM blocers

139
Q

EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC EFFECTS

narcotics

A

opioids

140
Q

Specify the classification of toxic agents

A
  1. use
  2. source
  3. target organ
  4. effect
  5. physical state
  6. chemical stability
  7. general chemical structure
  8. poisoning potencial
  9. label requirements
  10. biochemical MOA
141
Q

DEFINITION

concentration of a substance that may produce a toxic effect

A

dose

142
Q

DEFINITION

effect that a dose can produce ; may be positive or negative

A

response

143
Q

What are the two types of dose-response relationship?

A
  1. individual or graded
  2. quantal
144
Q

What are the types of quantal dose-response relationship?

A
  1. normal or gaussian distribution
  2. cumulative quantal
  3. probit quantal
145
Q

Specify the types of graphs associated with the different types of quantal dose-response relationships

A
  1. normal or gaussian distribution - normal frequency curve/bell-shaped curve
  2. cumulative - sigmoidal or S-shaped
  3. probit - straight line
146
Q

T/F: Hormesis is bi-phasic

A

True

147
Q

HORMESIS

at low doses:
at high doses:

A

low doses: beneficial, can stimulate
high doses: harmful, can inhibit

148
Q

VARIATION IN TOXIC RESPONSES

it means that a chemical produces injury to one kind of living matter without harming another form of life even though the two may exist in intimate contact

A

selective toxicity

149
Q

SELECTIVE TOXICITY

antibiotics

A

bacteria and human

150
Q

SELECTIVE TOXICITY

ergosterol

A

fungi and human

151
Q

SELECTIVE TOXICITY

birds can excrete uric acid but humans cannot – it accumulates and leads to gout

A

birds and human

152
Q

VARIATION IN TOXIC RESPONSES

experimental results in animals when properly qualified are applicable to humans

A

specific differences

153
Q

VARIATION IN TOXIC RESPONSES

contributes for the idiosyncratic reactions to chemicals and for interindividual differences in toxic responses

A

individual differences

Toxicology Lec (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions