Ethanol (Group 2) Flashcards by michelle anne

Synonyms of ethanol:

Grain alcohol, Neutral spirit, Spiritus vini
Rectificatus, Jaysol, Dehydrated alcohol

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Ethanol is used to manage and treat _________-

methanol/ethylene
glycol toxicity

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In the clinical sector, ethanol is used for

disinfection and sterilization

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Ethanol has _____________ (bactericidal/bacteriostatic) activity and is frequently
employed as a topical disinfectant

bactericidal

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In pharmaceutical preparations, ethanol is widely used as

solvent and preservatives

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Ethanol is also used as an innovative treatment
for ________________ in lieu of surgical procedures

neoplasms

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T/F: Ethanol is practically non-toxic

True

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most extensively used and
abused form of ethano

Alcohol

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oldest and most
commonly misused substance, especially
in Western countries

Alcohol

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a hazardous
medical condition that typically occurs after
consuming a significant amount of alcohol

Acute ethanol intoxication

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While alcohol affects all demographic groups,
the most common presentations for
intoxication and toxicity are from

teenagers and adults

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Absorption of alcohol occurs via the

proximal
gastrointestinal tract.

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main enzyme in
the liver that breaks it down into acetaldehyde,
a toxic metabolite and a known carcinogen.

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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In acute toxicity, the _____________ is the leading site of action

central nervous system
(CNS)

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the
primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

GABA

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GABA attaches itself to receptors, enabling
_______________ to enter the cell, thus _________ (increasing/reducing)
excitability

chloride; reducing

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Alcohol potently binds to GABA receptors, thus
initiating the _______________, which causes
drowsiness, impaired cognitive dysfunction,
and damaged coordination

inhibitory cascade

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Long-term alcohol consumption _________ (increases/decreases) the
number of GABA receptors

increases

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Long-term alcohol consumption increases the
number of GABA receptors, which means that
increasing amounts of alcohol are needed to
produce the same level of inhibition. __________
is the term for this phenomenon

Tolerance

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___________ are helpful in the withdrawal
process from alcohol.

benzodiazepines

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main excitatory
neurotransmitter in the CNS

glutamate

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T/F: Alcohol also INHIBITs glutamate

True

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Individuals with alcohol use disorders have
more __________________ in their
bodies, and these receptors are _________ (more/less) sensitive to glutamate.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA); more

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When alcohol is stopped abruptly, people with
alcohol use disorders are more susceptible to
____________ and ____________ due to the
enhanced sensitivity to the said receptors

hallucinations and seizures

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T/F: No antidote is available for acute ethanol intoxication

True

T/F: Mainly supportive treatment is performed for ethanol poisoning

True

The first priority in treating ethanol poisoning is ___________

airway protection

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning:

Oxygen Therapy IV Fluids Thiamine Oral glucose/IV dextrose bolus antipsychotics/ketamine hemodialysis disulfiram Gastric lavage

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning: Providers can give oxygen using a _________ and intubation

nasal cannula

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning: Dehydration and Hypovolemia:

IV fluid bolus or ongoing infusion

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning: patients at risk for Thiamine deficiency

malnutrition, long-term ethanol use, alcohol use disorder, or (in adults) hypoglycemia

also recommended in the setting of altered mental status

Thiamine

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning: Hypoglycemia

oral glucose if possible; IV dextrose bolus

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning: Agitation and restlessness

Antipsychotics (haloperidol) Ketamine (alternative)

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning: Hemodialysis is considered when: ◆ Ethanol concentration more than ____________ ◆ Severe ____________ ◆ Severely impaired __________ function

750 mg/dL; metabolic acidosis; liver

Treatment Options for ethanol poisoning: Alcohol use disorder

Disulfiram

Blocks conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid which produces side effects that discourage people from drinking alcohol

Disulfiram

This drug is Deterrent to drinking

Disulfiram

Muriatic acid, Chlorohydric acid, Hydrogen chloride in aqueous solution

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

T/f: HCl is highly soluble in water

True

HCl is.a very ________ (corrosive/caustic) acid

corrosive

process steel used in the building and construction industry

HCl

used in aluminum etching and metal cleaning applications

HCl

HCl is also used in large-scale production of vinyl chloride used to make ____________ plastic

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

used to produce polyurethane foam and calcium chloride

HCl

When hydrochloric acid is mixed or reacted with limestone, it forms _______________, a type of salt to de-ice roads

calcium chloride

a chemical that prevents the growth of slime in paper stock

Slimicide

Used as Disinfectant and slimicide

HCl

Household cleaners, pool maintenance, and food manufacturing

Hcl

production of batteries, photoflash bulbs and fireworks; leather processing, oil well acidizing, and producing gelatin products

HCl

Hydrogen chloride can cause irritation and ___________ to any tissue that comes into contact with it

corrosion

When hydrogen chloride gas is exposed to air, it condenses with the moisture in the air to form a dense ___________ vapor

white

damages mucosal membranes and other moist regions

HCl

is primarily dangerous due to its corrosive and irritating qualities in acute and chronic exposures

Strong mineral acid hydrogen chloride

Exposure to hydrogen chloride primarily occurs through

inhalation

respiratory and sensory irritant, primarily targeting the pharynx, larynx, mouth, eyes, skin, nose, and trachea

HCl

A ___________- hydrogen chloride inhalation has been linked to upper respiratory tract edema, discomfort, inflammation, and nose and throat irritation that causes coughing

5 ppm

T/F: Even an hour of exposure to 50–100 ppm to HCl was almost intolerable

True

is an irritant- and or chemically-induced type of asthma and can be brought on by exposure to hydrogen chloride.

Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS)

T/F:A rise in chloride ion concentration in the blood, which results in an acid-base imbalance, is an UNCOMMON and RARE consequence of consuming large amounts of hydrogen chloride

True

T/F:Children's increased metabolic rates may make them MORE susceptible to substances that interfere with basic metabolism

F: less

Contact with hydrogen chloride gas or concentrated hydrochloric acid can result in ________________ to the skin and mucous membranes, potentially leaving disfiguring scars.

deep burns

T/F: Children have a HIGHER body weight to surface area ratio, which makes them MORE susceptible to skin-damaging substances.

True

What are ocular damages that can result from exposure to concentrated hydrogen chloride vapor or hydrochloric acid in the eyes

Glaucoma, cataracts, and corneal cell death

might result from exposure to diluted HCl solutions

Surface ocular ulcers

Acid ingestions can cause tissue damage by ____________. produces ____________ or eschar by desiccating or denaturing the proteins in superficial tissue

coagulation necrosis; coagulum

Concentrated hydrochloric acid ingestion can result in

discomfort, dysphagia, nausea, and vomiting

T/f: Concentrated hydrochloric acid consumption can potentially result in serious corrosive damage to the stomach, throat, and esophagus, with possible aftereffects including bleeding, perforation, scarring, or stricture formation.

True

consuming concentrated hydrochloric acid or being exposed to large amounts of hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid on the skin could _________ (increase/decrease) blood pressure

decrease

It usually takes __________ days for pulmonary function to return to baseline following acute exposure of HCl

7 to 14

Treatment Option for HCl

Oxygen Therapy Water and Soap Tepid Plain Water or Saline Water or Milk Gastric Lavage Bronchodilator Racemic Epinephrine Aerosol

Treatment Option for HCl: Water and soap: Flush exposed skin and hair with water for ________________

3 to 5 minutes

T/F: The use of blankets or warmers are recommended to avoid hypotermia when decontaminating adults and children with HCl toxicity

True

Treatment Option for HCl: Tepid plain water or saline is given to flush irritated eyes for

15 minutes

T/F: For HCl poisoning, emesis can be induced

False: In cases of ingestion, do not induce emesis

T/F: For HCl poisoning, activated charcoal can be induced

False: Activated charcoal or any attempt to neutralize stomach contents must not be performed.

Treatment Option for HCl: Water or Milk should be given _________ to ______ ounces for adults. Children should receive ________ dose

4-8 ounces; half of adult's dose

Treatment Option for HCl: Gastric lavage should only be considered if: ◆ a __________ dose has been ingested ◆ patient's condition is evaluated within __________ minutes ◆ patient has ___________ or persistent __________ discomfort ◆ the lavage can be administered within ___________ of ingestion

large; 30; oral lesions; esophageal; 1 hour

It must be provided to children who develop stridor.

Racemic Epinephrine Aerosol