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Year 2 - Dermatology > Intro to general dermatology > Flashcards

Intro to general dermatology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q
  • Describe the structure and functions of normal skin
  • Describe the principles of wound healing
  • Relate knowledge of normal skin structure and function to alterations that occur in the context of skin disease
  • Apply knowledge of pathophysiology when discussing the processes of diagnosis, investigation and treatment of skin disease
A

.

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2
Q

Skin contains what adnexal structures

A

Hair
Nails
Glands
Sensory structures

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3
Q

3 basic layers of skin (superficial to deep)

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (subcutaenous tissue)

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4
Q

Function of subcutaneous tissue layer of skin

A

Fat energy store
Insulation
Contains fibrous bands that anchor dermis to muscle and bone

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5
Q

Dermis consists of

A

collagen and elastin matrix
fibroblasts (synthesise the extracellular matrix and collagen)
dermal dendritic cells/macrophages

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6
Q

Epidermis consists of what 3 cell types

+ which is most abundant

A

Keratinocytes (skin cells) - majority
Melanocytes (produce skin pigment)
Langerhans cells (immune cells)

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7
Q

Function of langerhans cells in the epidermis

A

process antigens and migrate to lymph nodes to induce an immune response

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8
Q

Which layer of skin is avascular

A

epidermis

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9
Q

How are new skin cells formed and shed

A

Formed in the lower layers of the epidermis

  • travel upwards and when they enter the stratum corneum (most superficial layer of epidermis), are shed off
  • occurs in around a month
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10
Q

What anchors the epidermis to the dermis

A

Basement membrane and hemidesmosomes

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11
Q

Epidermis is subdivided in what 5 layers

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Straum spinosum
Stratum basale
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12
Q

What is the stratum corneum

A

Most superficial layer of the epidermis (i.e. most superficial layer of skin) contains dead keratinocyte (skin cells) that are continuously shed

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13
Q

Epidermis regenerates every month but this happens quicker in what skin diseases

A

psoriasis

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14
Q

Name the white part of the nail at the bottom

A

lunula

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15
Q

Name the 3 stages of the hair cycle + describe them

A

Anagen - active growing phase
Catagen - few weeks where growth stops/follicles shrink
Telogen - resting phase for few months

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16
Q

Functions of skin (6)

A 
Thermoregulation
Physical barrier
Immune role - innate + adaptive
Sensation - temp, touch, pain, pressure
Vitamin D synthesis
Sociosexual communication - physical appearance, self identity
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17
Q

Skin is a physical barrier against (4)

A

Trauma
Chemicals
Microbes - infection
UV light/radiation

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18
Q

How does skin synthesise vitamin D

A

UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol

19
Q

External causes of skin disease (5)

A 
Temp - ++ hot or cold
UV radiation (photosensitivity)
Chemical (allergen or irritant)
Infection
Trauma
20
Q

Internal causes of skin disease (4)

A

Systemic diease, e.g. autoimmune
Genetics
Drug induced
Infection

21
Q

Drugs that induce photosensitivity of skin (5)

A 
Antibiotics, e.g. tetracycline, ciprofloxacin
NSAIDs, e.g. ibruprofen
Diuretics, e.g. furosemide
Retinoids
Antifungals
22
Q

What skin conditions can the cold cause

A

Frostbite
Skin necrosis
Cold urticaria

23
Q

What is urticaria

A

aka hives - swollen, pale red plaques (i.e. big raised papule)

24
Q

What is bullous pemphigoid caused by

A

Autoimmune reaction against skin leading to bullae (large serous fluid filled lesion) and plaques (raised red areas)

25
Q

Define macule v patch

A

Macule - small inpalpable (i.e. FLAT) circumscribed area of altered colour but normal texture, e.g. freckle

Patch - large version of macule

26
Q

Define papule v plaque

A

Papule - small raised palpable alteration, e.g. wart, insect bite

Plaque - large version of papule; often due to inidividual papule coalescing, e.g. psoriasis

27
Q

Define vesicle v bulla

A

Vesicle - small serous filled lesion

Bulla - large serous fluid filled lesion

28
Q

Define pustule v abscess

A

Pustule - small pus filled lesion

Abscess - large pus filled lesion

29
Q

Define erosion v ulcer

A

Erosion - loss of epidermis

Ulcer - loss epidermis and dermis

30
Q

Define scaling of the skin

A

altered epidermis and the scale may remain adherent or desquamate (peel off in the form of scales)

31
Q

Define exfoliation of the skin

A

total or continuous shedding of the superficial epidermis

32
Q

Epidermal damage usually heals without .., but any deeper excoriation or ulceration may heal with …

A

scarring

33
Q

Erythema (redness of skin) is due to

A

inflammatory vascular dilation (increased blood flow in superficial capillaries)

34
Q

Telangiectasia describes…

A

permanently dilated blood vessels that fade with pressure.

35
Q

How is a freckle formed

A

No increase in the number of melanocytes but the melanosomes (collections of melanin) they produce are long and rod-shaped, like those found generally in the dark skinned

36
Q

How may distribution of a skin disease help diagnosis

A

sometimes the localisation of multiple lesions in certain regions helps diagnosis, as skin diseases tend to have characteristic distributions

37
Q

What the distribution of a skin disease refer to

A

how the skin lesions are scattered/spread out

38
Q

Cutaneous signs are seen in what diseases

A 
Erythema Nodosum
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis
Malignancy
Auto-immune conditions
39
Q

Investigations of a suspected bacterial skin infection (2)

A

Charcoal swab
+
MC+S (microscopy, culture + sensitivities) of the swab

40
Q

Investigations of a suspected viral skin infection (2)

A

Viral swab for PCR

If systemic illness –> throat swab

41
Q

Investigations of a suspected fungal skin infection (3)

A

Fungal cultures of

  • Skin scraping
  • Nail clipping
  • Hair sample
42
Q

Melanocytes produce what

A

melanosomes (collections of melanin)

43
Q

What is a lentigo + process behind this

A

small brown macule

increased number of melanocytes at the dermo- epidermal junction

Year 2 - Dermatology (10 decks)

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