Intro to Epidemiology Pop-based health-McFarland

Question 1

What are the important components of critical review of medical literature?

Answer 1

study question
study design
exposure
outcome & measurement
inclusion & exclusion criteria
analysis of results
bias & limitation
validity/generalizability

Question 2

What is descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 2

distribution: person, place, time

Question 3

What is analytic epidemiology?

Answer 3

determinants: risk & protection

Question 4

Surveillance
Case Studies
Cross-sectional
Ecologic
Which type of study?

Answer 4

descriptional–>distribution of disease

Question 5

Which type of study includes looking at data collected?

Answer 5

analytic studies, not descriptive

these are also the types of studies that look at data collected.

Question 6

clinical trial, community fall into which category?

Answer 6

Analytic Experimental

Question 7

Cohort: prospective, retrospective
Case Control
Which type of category does this fall into?

Answer 7

Analytic Observational

Question 8

TFAnalytic describes distribution of disease.

Answer 8

F. Determinants of disease

Question 9

A cohort study is best for looking at which type of data set?

Answer 9

can examine many outcomes

Question 10

What is prevalence when talking about disease frequency?

Answer 10

existing cases of a disease/# in the total population

Question 11

What is the cumulative incidence w/ respect to disease frequency?

Answer 11

new cases of a disease/# in candidate population

Question 12

What is incidence rate w/ respect to disease frequency?

Answer 12

new cases of a disease/person-time of observation

Question 13

What are some examples of relative measures?

Answer 13

prevalence ratio
risk ratio
rate ratio
odds ratio

Question 14

What are some examples of absolute measures?

Answer 14

prevalence difference
risk difference
rate difference

Question 15

T/F You can calculate cumulative incidence rates in case control studies.

Answer 15

False. But you can calculate odds ratio

Question 16

What is an odds ratio?

Answer 16

ratio of the probability of an event occurring to that of it not occurring
OR
prob of event occuring/1-probability of event not occurring

Question 17

What is exposure ratio?

Answer 17

odds of being exposed among cases/odds of being exposed among controls

Question 18

What are some guidelines for causality?

Answer 18

strength of association
temporality
biological gradient/dose response
plausability
consistency

Question 19

what must you do when evaluating bias?

Answer 19

identify its source
estimate its magnitude
assess its direction

Question 20

What are some important forms of bias?

Answer 20

selection bias
information/observation bias
lead-time bias
hawthorne effect
repeat-testing bias

Question 21

What are some forms of selection bias?

Answer 21

uneven selection of subjects
loss to follow up
diagnosis of study subjects according to their exposure or disease status
healthy worker effect-everyone there is healthy!

Question 22

What is information bias?

Answer 22

recall-different levels of accuracy in the info provided by compared groups
interviewer–systematic difference in soliciting, recording or interpreting information

Question 23

What is lead time bias?

Answer 23

all cases are not detected at the same stage of disease

Question 24

What are some forms of bias found in this study?

Answer 24

selection bias-only ACS survivors

loss to follow up

Question 25

What is Hawthorne effect?

Answer 25

if a subject knows they are being watched, their behavior will change

Question 26

What is repeat testing bias?

Answer 26

fatigue or memory of questions will alter results

Question 27

What are the 3 requirements that must be met for a confounding variable?

Answer 27

1. associated (non-causally or causally) with the exposure.
2. associated (causally) with the coutomce, independent of the exposure
3. not be an intermediate variable int he causally pathway

Question 28

What is an example of a confounding variable?

Answer 28

diabetes associated w/ increased risk of dementia.

confounder: they are older!

Question 29

What is the prevalence of heart disease in Nevada adults?

Answer 29

4% of adults have been diagnosed with it.
More common in:
black, older adults, individuals w/ incomes less than 24K

Question 30

Several previous studies have identified differences in mortality b/w men & women with ACS. The authors suggest that most of these studies failed to adjust for clinical factors such as cofounders. Which of the following best explains why failure to adjust for clinical factors could have obscured the underlying true association?
A. Certain clinical factors are causally related to mortality and clinical factors are not associated w/ gender.
B. Certain clinical factors are causally related to mortality but clinical factors change over time.
C. Certain clinical factors are causally related to mortality & clinical factors vary by gender.

Answer 30

C.

Question 31

Participants in this study were patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Which of the following best describes the advantage of only including patients with ACS?
A. increases internal validity of the study.
B. increases external validity of study.
C. increases sample size and power of the study
D. reduces bias

Answer 31

A.

Question 32

p-values are <0.001
A. null hypothesis of no difference b/w men & women is rejected.
B. null hypothesis of no difference b/w men & women is accepted.

Answer 32

A.