Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endo/Repro Midterm > Intro to Endocrinology > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

5 primary hormones from hypothalamus

A 
TRH
CRH
GnRH
Somatostatin
Dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

7 hormones of anterior pituitary gland

A 
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
MSH
Growth hormone
Prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 hormones of posterior pituitary

A

ADH

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2-3 hormones from thyroid gland

A

T3, T4

Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What gland releases PTH

A

Parathyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 hormones from pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 hormones from adrenal medulla

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 hormones from kidney

A

Renin

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 hormoens from adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormones from testes vs. ovaries

A

Testes = testosterone

Ovaries = estradiol, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 hormones from corpus luteum

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 hormones from placenta

A

hCG
Estriol
Progesterone
hPL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 general classes of hormones

A

Proteins + peptides

Amines

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are stored in ____ ____ until needed

Polypeptides with > 100 aa are considered _____

Polypeptides with <100 aa are considered _____

They are _____-soluble

A

Secretory vesicles

Proteins

Peptides

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Amine hormones are derived from _____

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from ______, they are ______-soluble and they are not stored

A

Cholesterol; lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe general synthesis of protein and peptide hormones

A

Usually synthesized as larger polypeptides, starting as a preprohormone (not biologically active)

Signal peptide is removed in ER to produce prohormone

Once packed into vesicles in golgi, they are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes generating the active form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are stored in secretory vesicles until endocrine cell is stimulated.

What are some possible stimuli for exocytosis?

A

Increased IC calcium d/t membrane depolarization

Activation of GPCR, followed by increased cAMP and activation of PKA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some glands that secrete steroid hormones?

A

Adrenal cortex

Gonads

Corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some modifications that can be made to cholesterol molecules to change their hormone identity?

A

Removal or addition of side chains

Hydroxylation of steroid nucleus

Aromatization of steroid nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 2 possible sources of cholesterol?

A

About 80% is taken up as LDL particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis

The rest is de novo synthesis from acetyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between genomic and nongenomic actions of steroid hormones?

A

Genomic = modulate transcription by interaction with intracellular nuclear receptors

Nongenomic = rapid steroid action via specific receptor-mediated actions or direct steroid membrane interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Amine hormones are derived from tyrosine. What are the 2 groups of amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Catecholamines are amine hormones synthesized in the _____ and secretory granules. They act through ________ associated receptors

A

Cytosol; cell-membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thyroid hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland and stored as ____ in glandular follicles

They cross the cell membrane and act through ____ receptors

A

Thyroglobulin

Nuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which of the following has a faster metabolic clearance from the body, and thus a shorter half life:

Thyroxine vs. triiodothyronine

A

Triiodothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which of the following has a faster metabolic clearance from the body, and thus a shorter half life:

Cortisol
Testosterone
Aldosterone

A

Aldosterone > testosterone > cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which of the following has a faster metabolic clearance from the body, and thus a shorter half life:

Thyrotropin
Insulin
ADH

A

Insulin > ADH > thyrotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

A

TRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of ACTH

A

CRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

A

GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that inhibits secretion of growth hormone

A

SRIF (aka somatostatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of growth hormone

A

GHRH

34
Q

Amine hormone from hypothalamus that inhibits secretion of prolactin

A

Dopamine (aka PIF)

35
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone

A

TSH

36
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates sperm maturation in sertoli cells of testes OR follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries

A

FSH

37
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testis OR ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen, and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

A

LH

38
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

A

GH

39
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

A

Prolactin

40
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones like cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone

A

ACTH

41
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates melanin synthesis

A

MSH

42
Q

Peptide hormone from posterior pituitary that stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions

A

Oxytocin

43
Q

Peptide hormone from posterior pituitary that stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

A

ADH (vasopressin)

44
Q

Amine hormone from thyroid that stimulates skeletal growth, oxygen consumption, heat production, protein, fat, and carb utilization, and perinatal maturation of the CNS

A

T3 and T4

45
Q

Peptide hormone from thyroid that decreases serum Ca

A

Calcitonin

46
Q

Peptide hormone from parathyroid gland that increases serum Ca

A

PTH

47
Q

Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex that stimulates gluconeogenesis, inhibits inflammatory reposnes, suppresses immune responses, enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

48
Q

Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex that increases renal Na reabsorption, K secretion, and H secretion

A

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

49
Q

Steroid hormone from testes that stimulates spermatogenesis, stimulates male secondary characteristics

A

Testosterone

50
Q

Steroid hormone from ovaries that stimulates growth and development of female repro system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion, and maintains pregnancy

A

Estradiol

51
Q

Steroid hormone from ovaries that stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle and maintains pregnancy

A

Progesterone

52
Q

Peptide hormone from placenta that stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy

A

HcG

53
Q

Peptide hormone from placenta that has growth hormone-like and prolactin like actions during pregnancy

A

Human placental lactogen (HPL) aka human chorionic somatomammotropin

54
Q

Peptide hormone from pancreas that decreases blood glucose

A

Insulin (beta cells)

55
Q

Peptide hormone from pancreas that increases blood glucose

A

Glucagon (alpha cells)

56
Q

Steroid hormone from kidney that increases intestinal Ca absorption and bone mineralization

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

57
Q

Peptide hormone from kidney that catalyzes conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin I

A

Renin

58
Q

What are 2 general mechanisms to turn secretion of hormones on vs. off? Which way is most common?

A

Neural mechanism (ex.:sympathetic preganglionic innervation of adrenal medulla - when stimulated causes release of catecholamines into circulation)

Feedback mechanism = more common! typically negative feedback mechanisms

59
Q

T/F: Positive feedback mechanisms are rare, self augmenting, and rarely used to maintain homeostatic functions

A

True

60
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms are rare, self augmenting, and rarely used to maintain homeostatic functions. What are some examples?

A

Menstrual cycle - increasing estrogen levels in blood temporarily stimulate FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary, further increasing estrogen levels and eventually leading to ovulation

Delivery of a fetus - oxytocin stimulates and enhances labor contractions

61
Q

Negative feedback underlies homeostatic regulation of organ systems. What is the difference between long-loop, short-loop, and ultra-short-loop negative feedback mechanisms?

A

Long-loop = hormone released from 3rd tier (peripheral gland) feeds back all the way to first and second tier

Short-loop = hormone secreted from second tier feeds back to 1st tier (ex: anterior pituitary feeds back to hypothalamus)

Ultrashort loop = gland inhibits its own secretion

62
Q

Most of the endocrine system is organized into axes, what are 3 examples?

A

Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Adrenal = HPA axis

Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Thyroid = HPT axis

Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Gonads = HPG axis

63
Q

In what type of feedback loop is secretion of a hormone stimulated or inhibited by a change in the level of a specific extracellular signal?

A

Physiological response driven negative feedback loop

[increase in BG concentration stimulates insulin secretion; decrease in BG inhibits insulin secretion]

64
Q

The first tier of the endocrine axes is highly regulated by ______ inputs

A

Neural

65
Q

The first tier of the endocrine axes (hypothalamus) is highly regulated by neural inputs. What are the 2 major inputs?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - imposes circadian rhythm on secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormoens and endocrine axes

Pineal gland - releases melatonin which feeds back to SCN info about day/night

[physiological stress also influences release of hormoens from hypothalamus]

66
Q

SCN neurons represent an internal circadian clock

When light hits the eyes, a signal is sent to the ________, as well as the SCN via the _______ tract

From there, the SCN signals the hypothalamus, as well as the pineal gland which secretes ______, regulating day/night coordinated rhythms via endocrine, metabolic, and behavioral factors

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus; retinohypothalamic tract

Melatonin

67
Q

Circadian rhythms regulate multiple hormone functions in the body.

What changes occur just after midnight in body temperature, systolic BP, plasma growth hormone, plasma melatonin, and plasma ACTH

A

Body temp decreases

Systolic BP decreases

Plasma GH spikes

Plasma melatonin spikes

Plasma ACTH gradually decreases until 12am then it increases until 8 am

68
Q

Key aspects in regulation of circulating levels of hormones:

Receptors confer _____ to hormone actions, in that they form a hormone-receptor complex

Responsiveness of target tissue to a hormone is expressed in the dose-response relationship. ______ = hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response.

A

Specificity

Sensitivity

69
Q

What are 2 ways that receptor responsiveness to hormone can change?

A

Changing the # of receptors

Changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone

70
Q

Up-regulation = increase receptor number or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low. What are the methods of upregulation?

A

Increase in synthesis of new receptors

Decrease in degradation of existing receptors

Activating receptors

71
Q

Downregulation = reduce receptor number or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are high for an extended period of time. What are the methods of downregulation?

A

Decrease in the synthesiss of new receptors

Increase in degradation of existing receptors

Inactivating/desensitizing receptors

72
Q

3 major mechanisms of hormone action on target cells

A

Adenylyl cyclase mechanism (hormone —> adenylyl cyclase —> cAMP —> PKA)

Phospholipase C mechanism (hormone —> PLC —> IP3/DAG/Ca++ —> PKC/calmodulin)

Steroid hormone mechanism (hormone —> cytosolic or nuclear receptor)

73
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is utilized by GnRH, TRH, GHRH, and oxytocin?

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
B. Phospholipase C mechanism
C. Steroid hormone mechanism

A

B. Phospholipase C mechanism

74
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is utilized by thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, estrogen, and testosterone?

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
B. Phospholipase C mechanism
C. Steroid hormone mechanism

A

C. Steroid hormone mechanism

75
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is utilized by ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, and glucagon?

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
B. Phospholipase C mechanism
C. Steroid hormone mechanism

A

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism

76
Q

What is the guanylyl cyclase MOA?

A

1st messenger = hormone such as ANP, NO
—ANP acts through receptor with GC activity
—NO diffuses to cytosol and activates cytosolic GC

Primary effector = guanylate cyclase

2nd messenger = cGMP

Secondary effector = PKG

77
Q

Tyrosine kinases fall into what 2 major categories?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases = have intrinsic TK activity within receptor molecule, when activated they autophosphorylate themselves and other proteins

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors = associate noncovalently with proteins that have tyrosine kinase activity (e.g. JAK)

78
Q

Insulin, IGF-1, growth hormone, and prolactin have what hormone-receptor MOA?

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
B. PLC mechanism
C. Steroid hormone mechanism
D. Tyrosine kinase mechanism
E. Guanylate cyclase mechanism
A

D. Tyrosine kinase mechanism

79
Q

Examples of endocrine dysfunction/dysregulation/changes include hypofunction, hyperfunction, and mass lesions.

Mass lesions are characterized by enlargement of the endocrine organ due to an underlying ____ or ____

A

Neoplasia; hyperplasia

80
Q

Examples of endocrine hyperfunction

A

Neoplastic (benign pituitary adenomas, malignant adrenal cancer, ectopic SIADH)

Autoimmune (graves disease)

Iatrogenic (cushings syndrome, hypoglycemia)

Infectious/inflammatory (subacute thyroiditis)

Activating receptor mutations (TSH receptor)

81
Q

Examples of endocrine hypofunction

A

Hemorrhage/infarction (sheehans, adrenal insufficiency)

Nutritional deficiency (vitamin D, iodine)

Enzyme defects (21 hydroxylase def)

Autoimmune (addisons disease, hashimotos thyroiditis, type I DM)

Iatrogenic (hypothyroidism, surgical, radiation induced hypopituitarism)

Infectious/inflammatory (adrenal insufficiency)

Hormone mutations (GH, AVP)

Endo/Repro Midterm (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions