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Endo/Repro Midterm > Intro to Endocrinology > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

5 primary hormones from hypothalamus

A 
TRH
CRH
GnRH
Somatostatin
Dopamine
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2
Q

7 hormones of anterior pituitary gland

A 
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
MSH
Growth hormone
Prolactin
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3
Q

2 hormones of posterior pituitary

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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4
Q

2-3 hormones from thyroid gland

A

T3, T4

Calcitonin

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5
Q

What gland releases PTH

A

Parathyroid gland

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6
Q

2 hormones from pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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7
Q

2 hormones from adrenal medulla

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

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8
Q

2 hormones from kidney

A

Renin

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

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9
Q

3 hormoens from adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal androgens

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10
Q

Hormones from testes vs. ovaries

A

Testes = testosterone

Ovaries = estradiol, progesterone

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11
Q

2 hormones from corpus luteum

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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12
Q

4 hormones from placenta

A

hCG
Estriol
Progesterone
hPL

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13
Q

3 general classes of hormones

A

Proteins + peptides

Amines

Steroids

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14
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are stored in ____ ____ until needed

Polypeptides with > 100 aa are considered _____

Polypeptides with <100 aa are considered _____

They are _____-soluble

A

Secretory vesicles

Proteins

Peptides

Water

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15
Q

Amine hormones are derived from _____

A

Tyrosine

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16
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from ______, they are ______-soluble and they are not stored

A

Cholesterol; lipid

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17
Q

Describe general synthesis of protein and peptide hormones

A

Usually synthesized as larger polypeptides, starting as a preprohormone (not biologically active)

Signal peptide is removed in ER to produce prohormone

Once packed into vesicles in golgi, they are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes generating the active form

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18
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are stored in secretory vesicles until endocrine cell is stimulated.

What are some possible stimuli for exocytosis?

A

Increased IC calcium d/t membrane depolarization

Activation of GPCR, followed by increased cAMP and activation of PKA

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19
Q

What are some glands that secrete steroid hormones?

A

Adrenal cortex

Gonads

Corpus luteum

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20
Q

What are some modifications that can be made to cholesterol molecules to change their hormone identity?

A

Removal or addition of side chains

Hydroxylation of steroid nucleus

Aromatization of steroid nucleus

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21
Q

What are the 2 possible sources of cholesterol?

A

About 80% is taken up as LDL particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis

The rest is de novo synthesis from acetyl coA

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22
Q

What is the difference between genomic and nongenomic actions of steroid hormones?

A

Genomic = modulate transcription by interaction with intracellular nuclear receptors

Nongenomic = rapid steroid action via specific receptor-mediated actions or direct steroid membrane interactions

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23
Q

Amine hormones are derived from tyrosine. What are the 2 groups of amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

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24
Q

Catecholamines are amine hormones synthesized in the _____ and secretory granules. They act through ________ associated receptors

A

Cytosol; cell-membrane

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25
Q

Thyroid hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland and stored as ____ in glandular follicles

They cross the cell membrane and act through ____ receptors

A

Thyroglobulin

Nuclear

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26
Q

Which of the following has a faster metabolic clearance from the body, and thus a shorter half life:

Thyroxine vs. triiodothyronine

A

Triiodothyronine

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27
Q

Which of the following has a faster metabolic clearance from the body, and thus a shorter half life:

Cortisol
Testosterone
Aldosterone

A

Aldosterone > testosterone > cortisol

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28
Q

Which of the following has a faster metabolic clearance from the body, and thus a shorter half life:

Thyrotropin
Insulin
ADH

A

Insulin > ADH > thyrotropin

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29
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

A

TRH

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30
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of ACTH

A

CRH

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31
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

A

GnRH

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32
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that inhibits secretion of growth hormone

A

SRIF (aka somatostatin)

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33
Q

Peptide hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of growth hormone

34
Q

Amine hormone from hypothalamus that inhibits secretion of prolactin

A

Dopamine (aka PIF)

35
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone

36
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates sperm maturation in sertoli cells of testes OR follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries

37
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testis OR ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen, and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

38
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

39
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

40
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones like cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone

41
Q

Peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that stimulates melanin synthesis

42
Q

Peptide hormone from posterior pituitary that stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions

43
Q

Peptide hormone from posterior pituitary that stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

A

ADH (vasopressin)

44
Q

Amine hormone from thyroid that stimulates skeletal growth, oxygen consumption, heat production, protein, fat, and carb utilization, and perinatal maturation of the CNS

45
Q

Peptide hormone from thyroid that decreases serum Ca

A

Calcitonin

46
Q

Peptide hormone from parathyroid gland that increases serum Ca

47
Q

Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex that stimulates gluconeogenesis, inhibits inflammatory reposnes, suppresses immune responses, enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

48
Q

Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex that increases renal Na reabsorption, K secretion, and H secretion

A

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

49
Q

Steroid hormone from testes that stimulates spermatogenesis, stimulates male secondary characteristics

A

Testosterone

50
Q

Steroid hormone from ovaries that stimulates growth and development of female repro system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion, and maintains pregnancy

51
Q

Steroid hormone from ovaries that stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle and maintains pregnancy

A

Progesterone

52
Q

Peptide hormone from placenta that stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy

53
Q

Peptide hormone from placenta that has growth hormone-like and prolactin like actions during pregnancy

A

Human placental lactogen (HPL) aka human chorionic somatomammotropin

54
Q

Peptide hormone from pancreas that decreases blood glucose

A

Insulin (beta cells)

55
Q

Peptide hormone from pancreas that increases blood glucose

A

Glucagon (alpha cells)

56
Q

Steroid hormone from kidney that increases intestinal Ca absorption and bone mineralization

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

57
Q

Peptide hormone from kidney that catalyzes conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin I

58
Q

What are 2 general mechanisms to turn secretion of hormones on vs. off? Which way is most common?

A

Neural mechanism (ex.:sympathetic preganglionic innervation of adrenal medulla - when stimulated causes release of catecholamines into circulation)

Feedback mechanism = more common! typically negative feedback mechanisms

59
Q

T/F: Positive feedback mechanisms are rare, self augmenting, and rarely used to maintain homeostatic functions

60
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms are rare, self augmenting, and rarely used to maintain homeostatic functions. What are some examples?

A

Menstrual cycle - increasing estrogen levels in blood temporarily stimulate FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary, further increasing estrogen levels and eventually leading to ovulation

Delivery of a fetus - oxytocin stimulates and enhances labor contractions

61
Q

Negative feedback underlies homeostatic regulation of organ systems. What is the difference between long-loop, short-loop, and ultra-short-loop negative feedback mechanisms?

A

Long-loop = hormone released from 3rd tier (peripheral gland) feeds back all the way to first and second tier

Short-loop = hormone secreted from second tier feeds back to 1st tier (ex: anterior pituitary feeds back to hypothalamus)

Ultrashort loop = gland inhibits its own secretion

62
Q

Most of the endocrine system is organized into axes, what are 3 examples?

A

Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Adrenal = HPA axis

Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Thyroid = HPT axis

Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Gonads = HPG axis

63
Q

In what type of feedback loop is secretion of a hormone stimulated or inhibited by a change in the level of a specific extracellular signal?

A

Physiological response driven negative feedback loop

[increase in BG concentration stimulates insulin secretion; decrease in BG inhibits insulin secretion]

64
Q

The first tier of the endocrine axes is highly regulated by ______ inputs

65
Q

The first tier of the endocrine axes (hypothalamus) is highly regulated by neural inputs. What are the 2 major inputs?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - imposes circadian rhythm on secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormoens and endocrine axes

Pineal gland - releases melatonin which feeds back to SCN info about day/night

[physiological stress also influences release of hormoens from hypothalamus]

66
Q

SCN neurons represent an internal circadian clock

When light hits the eyes, a signal is sent to the ________, as well as the SCN via the _______ tract

From there, the SCN signals the hypothalamus, as well as the pineal gland which secretes ______, regulating day/night coordinated rhythms via endocrine, metabolic, and behavioral factors

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus; retinohypothalamic tract

Melatonin

67
Q

Circadian rhythms regulate multiple hormone functions in the body.

What changes occur just after midnight in body temperature, systolic BP, plasma growth hormone, plasma melatonin, and plasma ACTH

A

Body temp decreases

Systolic BP decreases

Plasma GH spikes

Plasma melatonin spikes

Plasma ACTH gradually decreases until 12am then it increases until 8 am

68
Q

Key aspects in regulation of circulating levels of hormones:

Receptors confer _____ to hormone actions, in that they form a hormone-receptor complex

Responsiveness of target tissue to a hormone is expressed in the dose-response relationship. ______ = hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response.

A

Specificity

Sensitivity

69
Q

What are 2 ways that receptor responsiveness to hormone can change?

A

Changing the # of receptors

Changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone

70
Q

Up-regulation = increase receptor number or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low. What are the methods of upregulation?

A

Increase in synthesis of new receptors

Decrease in degradation of existing receptors

Activating receptors

71
Q

Downregulation = reduce receptor number or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are high for an extended period of time. What are the methods of downregulation?

A

Decrease in the synthesiss of new receptors

Increase in degradation of existing receptors

Inactivating/desensitizing receptors

72
Q

3 major mechanisms of hormone action on target cells

A

Adenylyl cyclase mechanism (hormone —> adenylyl cyclase —> cAMP —> PKA)

Phospholipase C mechanism (hormone —> PLC —> IP3/DAG/Ca++ —> PKC/calmodulin)

Steroid hormone mechanism (hormone —> cytosolic or nuclear receptor)

73
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is utilized by GnRH, TRH, GHRH, and oxytocin?

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
B. Phospholipase C mechanism
C. Steroid hormone mechanism

A

B. Phospholipase C mechanism

74
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is utilized by thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, estrogen, and testosterone?

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
B. Phospholipase C mechanism
C. Steroid hormone mechanism

A

C. Steroid hormone mechanism

75
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is utilized by ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, and glucagon?

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
B. Phospholipase C mechanism
C. Steroid hormone mechanism

A

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism

76
Q

What is the guanylyl cyclase MOA?

A

1st messenger = hormone such as ANP, NO
—ANP acts through receptor with GC activity
—NO diffuses to cytosol and activates cytosolic GC

Primary effector = guanylate cyclase

2nd messenger = cGMP

Secondary effector = PKG

77
Q

Tyrosine kinases fall into what 2 major categories?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases = have intrinsic TK activity within receptor molecule, when activated they autophosphorylate themselves and other proteins

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors = associate noncovalently with proteins that have tyrosine kinase activity (e.g. JAK)

78
Q

Insulin, IGF-1, growth hormone, and prolactin have what hormone-receptor MOA?

A. Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
B. PLC mechanism
C. Steroid hormone mechanism
D. Tyrosine kinase mechanism
E. Guanylate cyclase mechanism
A

D. Tyrosine kinase mechanism

79
Q

Examples of endocrine dysfunction/dysregulation/changes include hypofunction, hyperfunction, and mass lesions.

Mass lesions are characterized by enlargement of the endocrine organ due to an underlying ____ or ____

A

Neoplasia; hyperplasia

80
Q

Examples of endocrine hyperfunction

A

Neoplastic (benign pituitary adenomas, malignant adrenal cancer, ectopic SIADH)

Autoimmune (graves disease)

Iatrogenic (cushings syndrome, hypoglycemia)

Infectious/inflammatory (subacute thyroiditis)

Activating receptor mutations (TSH receptor)

81
Q

Examples of endocrine hypofunction

A

Hemorrhage/infarction (sheehans, adrenal insufficiency)

Nutritional deficiency (vitamin D, iodine)

Enzyme defects (21 hydroxylase def)

Autoimmune (addisons disease, hashimotos thyroiditis, type I DM)

Iatrogenic (hypothyroidism, surgical, radiation induced hypopituitarism)

Infectious/inflammatory (adrenal insufficiency)

Hormone mutations (GH, AVP)

Endo/Repro Midterm (14 decks)

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