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Endo/Repro Midterm > Intro To Endocrinology > Flashcards

Intro To Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones secreted from the hypothalamus (5)

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Somatostatin

Dopamine

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2
Q

Hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland (7)

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Melanocytes stimulating hormone (MSH)

Growth hormone (GH)/growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Prolactin

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3
Q

Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland (2)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

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4
Q

Hormones secreted from the thyroid gland (3)

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Tyroxine (T4)

Calcitonin

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5
Q

Hormones secreted from the parathyroid gland (1)

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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6
Q

Hormones secreted from the pancreas (2)

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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7
Q

Hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla (2)

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

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8
Q

Hormones secreted from the kidney (2)

A

Renin

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

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9
Q

Hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex (3)

A

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Adrenal androgens

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10
Q

Hormones secreted from the testes (1)

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

Hormones secreted from the ovaries and corpus luteum (2)

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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12
Q

Hormones secreted from the placenta (4)

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Estriol

Progesterone

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

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13
Q

Three classes of hormones

A

Protein and peptides

Amines

Steroids

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14
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are synthesized as _____ or a _____(not active).

____ is removed in the ER to produce a prohormone.

They are packed into ____ and cleaved by ______ generating the active form.

A

Larger polypeptides

Preprohormone

Signal peptide

Vesicles

Proteolytic enzymes

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15
Q

Protein and peptide hormones are stored in secretory vesicles until _____.

Stimulus for exocytosis?

A

Endocrine cell is stimulated

Increase of intracellular Ca caused by membrane depolarization
OR
Activation of G-protein-coupled receptor followed by increase in CAMP and activation of PKA

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16
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized and secreted by ____.

Examples?

Modifications of cholesterol?

A

Adrenal cortex, gonads, corpus luteum

Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, testosterone, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Remove/add side chains, hydroxylation of steroid nucleus, aromatization of the steroid nucleus

17
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from ____ which comes from what two sources?

A

Cholesterol

80% taken up as LDL particles through receptor mediated endocytosis

De novo synthesis from acetyl coenzyme A

18
Q

Action of a steroid hormone that allows it to modulate gene transcription by interaction with intracellular nuclear receptors

A

Genomic action

19
Q

Action of a steroid hormone that allows it to have rapid steroid action through receptor mediated or direct steroid membrane interactions

A

Nongenomic action

20
Q

Amine hormones are derived from ____.

What are their two groups?

A

Tyrosine

Catecholamines and thyroid hormones

21
Q

These amine hormones are synthesized in the cytosol and secretory granules

They act though cell-membrane associated receptors

A

Catecholamines

22
Q

These amine hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland and stored as _____ in follicles within the gland.

They cross the cell membrane and act through nuclear receptors

A

Thyroid hormones

Thyroglobulin in follicles

23
Q

Thyroid (amine) hormones have the ___ half life and ___ clearance.

Steroid hormones?

Protein hormones?

A

Longest; smallest

Middle; biggest

Shortest; middle

24
Q

Secretion of hormones is regulated by two mechanisms?

____ to an endocrine cell increases or decreases hormonal secretion

____ some element of the physiological response feeds back, directly or indirectly, on the endocrine gland and changes secretion rate

A

Neuronal input

Feedback mechanism (positive and negative)

25
Q

Describe negative feedback:

Long-loop feedback?

Short-loop feedback?

Ultra short-loop feedback?

A

Hormone released from the 3rd tier (peripheral endocrine gland) feeds all the way back to the 1st tier (hypothalamus) and 2nd tier (pituitary gland)

Hormone secreted from 2nd tier feeds back to 1st tier

Gland inhibits its own secretion

26
Q

Major endocrine axis

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis (HPA)

Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid gland axis (HPT)

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis (HPG)

27
Q

Negative feedback in which the secretion of a hormone is stimulated or inhibited by a a change in the level of a specific extracellular signal

Example?

A

Response-driven negative feedback

Insulin regulates blood glucose levels; blood glucose concentration turns on or off insulin secretion

28
Q

How are the secretions from the first tier of the endocrine axes regulated (hypothalamus)?

What are its two major inputs and what do they do?

A

Descending and ascending neuronal inputs

Suprachiasmatic nucleaus (SCN): impose a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes

Pineal gland: releases melatonin which feedbacks info about day/night to the SCN

Physiological stress influences hormone release from the hypothalamus

29
Q

Receptors have a ____ to the hormone actions through a _____ complex.

The responsiveness of a target tissue to a hormone is expressed in the ____ relationship.

Sensitivity occurs when a hormone concentration produces ___ of the maximal response.

A

Specificity

Hormone-receptor complex

Dose-response relationship

50%

30
Q

How do you up-regulate a hormone?

A

Increase the number of receptors, increase the sensitivity of the target tissue when hormone levels are low, decrease the degradation of existing receptors, activate receptors

31
Q

How do you down-regulate a hormone?

A

Reduce the number of receptors, decrease the sensitivity of the target tissue when hormone levels are high, increase the degradation of existing receptors, inactivate/desensitize receptors

32
Q

What are the five major mechanisms of hormone action of target cells?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

Phospholipase C

Steroid hormone

Guanylyl cyclase

Tyrosine kinases

33
Q

Adenylyl cyclase mechanism of hormone action:

1st messenger?

Primary effector?

2nd messenger?

Secondary effector?

A

Hormones (ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, glucagon)

Adenylyl cyclase

cAMP

PKA

34
Q

Phospholipase C mechanism of hormone action:

1st messenger?

Primary effector?

2nd messenger?

Secondary effector?

A

Hormones (GnRH, TRH, GHRH, oxytocin)

Phospholipase C

IP3/DAG/Ca

PKC or calmodulin

35
Q

Steroid hormone mechanism of hormone action:

1st messenger?

Primary effector?

2nd messenger?

Secondary effector?

A

Hormones (thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone)

No second messenger

Act through cytosolic/nuclear receptors (hormone binding end and a DNA binding end)

Hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor that regulates the rate of transcription of a gene

36
Q

Guanylyl cyclase mechanism of hormone action:

1st messenger?

Primary effector?

2nd messenger?

Secondary effector?

A

Hormones (atrial natriuretic peptide/ANP, NO)

Guanylate cyclase

cGMP

PKG

37
Q

Tyrosine kinase mechanism of hormone action has two major categories

How do they work?

What are examples of each?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases (have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity within the receptor; when activated, the intrinsic tyrosine kinase phosphorylation itself and other proteins; examples are nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptors, insulin, and insulin-like growth receptors)

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors (associate non-covalently to proteins that have tyrosine kinase activity; example is JAK)

Endo/Repro Midterm (11 decks)

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