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Endo/Repro Midterm > Histology Of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology Of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the endocrine system

A 
Hypothalamus
Pineal
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Heart
Adrenal glands
Kidneys
Pancreas
GI tract
Gonads 
Integument
Adipose
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2
Q

Epithelial cells lack a _____ and are arranged as cords/follicles and some isolated individual cells

Well vascularized because release hormones into the ____.

Vessels have a ____ endothelium.

A

Free surface

Bloodstream

Fenestrated

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3
Q

Hypothalamus is posterior to the ____ and inferior to the ____.

Hanging from hypothalamus is the ____ housed in the hypophyseal fossa (sella turcica) of the sphenoid bone.

Pituitary gland is connected to hypothalamus by the ____ and separated into two parts ___ and ____.

A

Optic chiasm

Thalamus

Pituitary gland

Infundibulum

Anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)

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4
Q

Hypothalamus directly targets what organs?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

Kidneys and uterus (ADH, oxytocin)

Adrenal medulla (sympathetic innervation)

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5
Q

Indirect targets of the hypothalamus

Releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit releases of other hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

A 
Thyroid gland
Adrenal cortex
Mammary gland
Gonads
Bone
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6
Q

Pituitary gland is derived from the ____.

Posterior pituitary more specifically derived from ____.

Anterior pituitary is derived from a ____ leading to _____ at ____ weeks.

Pouch loses connection with the outside and is in its final location at ___ weeks.

Pouch joins diverticulum from developing ____.

_____ forms posterior pituitary and infundibular stalk

A

Ectoderm

Diencephalon of neural tube

Ectodermal placode; Rathke’s pouch; 3

8

Diencephalon of neural tube

Infundibulum

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary contains ____ epithelium cells controlled by _____ released by hypothalamus.

Posterior pituitary made of ___ from hypothalamus and support cells that carry ____ and ____.

A

Glandular; neurohormones

Axons; carry ADH and oxytocin

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8
Q

Major cell types in anterior pituitary

A

Acidphils stain pink and include Somatotropin cells: GH
Mammotropic cells: prolactin

Basophils stain purple and include
Thyrotropic cells: TSH
Corticotropic cells: ACTH, MSH
Gonadotropic cells: FSH, LH

Chromophobes stain with least color
Sinusoidal (fenestrated) capillaries stain red

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9
Q

Where is the pars intermedia?

What cells does it contain?

Derived from what?

A

Between the pars distalis and pars nervosa

Basophils and colloid-filled follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium

Rathke’s pouch

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10
Q

The pars nervosa is a continuation of the ____ through the ____.

It stores and releases hormones from ____.

Consists of hypothalamic ____ axons called ____ that store _____.

____ support the nerve fibers.

A

Median eminence of the hypothalamus; Infundibular stalk

Axon terminals

Unmyelinated; herring bodies; ADH/oxytocin

Pituicytes

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11
Q

Suspends the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus

Neural portion is part of what? And connects what?

What kind of axons?

Adenohypophysis surrounds what?

A

Infundibulum

Neurohypophysis; connecting the pars nervosa and median eminence of hypothalamus

Unmyelinated

Pars tuberalis enveloping the infundibular stalk

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12
Q

Describe the blood flow to the anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Tertiary hormone travels down an axon to the median eminence of the hypothalamus -> hypothalamus releases a hormone into the capillaries -> blood is collected into hypophyseal portal veins -> enter sinusoidal capillaries in anterior pituitary -> receptors bind hormone and signal release of secondary hormone through venous system of anterior pituitary

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13
Q

Describe the blood flow to the posterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Neurons in the hypothalamus travel down axons through the infundibulum to posterior pituitary -> hormones released into sinusoidal bed arterial supply in posterior pituitary -> exit through vessels to go to target

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14
Q

Targets the kidney, regulates Na and water retention

A

ADH

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15
Q

Targets uterine smooth m and stimulates lactation, induces birth, sexual arousal, social bonding

A

Oxytocin

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16
Q

Two pituitary disorders

Explain

A

Gigantism: excess production of GH because of tumor; if occurs before bone growth plates close growth, will grow taller; after growth plates close, extremities and organs enlarge (acromegaly)

Pituitary dwarfs: hyposecretion of GH; have achondroplasia from mutation in fibroblast growth factor

17
Q

Actions of pineal gland

Cells of the pineal gland

A

Control circadian rhythm and synthesizes melatonin and serotonin; cycles every 90 minutes

Pinealocytes, neuroglia, calcified granular material (brain sand)—-Ca phosphate crystals located in intercellular spaces

18
Q

Location and blood supply of the thyroid

A

Below larynx and anterior to trachea

Superior thyroid vessels and inferior thyroid vessels

19
Q

Cells of the thyroid

What do colloid cells contain?

Actions of thyroid gland?

A

Follicles with follicular cells surrounding a fluid called colloid

Colloid contains thyroglobulin (storage form of T3 and T4)

Control basal metabolism, O2 usage, body temp

20
Q

Describe the synthesis of thyroid hormone

A

Generated and stored as thyroglobulin in thyroid

Sythesized in rER of follicle cells -> glycosylated -> exocytosis into lumen of follicle (colloid) -> iodinated at apical surface forming T3 and T4 that remains bound to thyroglobulin -> TSH stimulates internalization of thyroglobulin by endocytosis and degradation -> frees T3 and T4 which are released from basal surface of the follicle cells into circulation

21
Q

Location of parafollicular C cells

Action?

A

Outside of the thyroid follicles

Secrete calcitonin when blood Ca levels are high

Lower Ca by: stimulating secretion of kidneys, decreasing
Ca-releasing activity of osteoclasts, increase osteogenesis by osteoblasts

22
Q

Describe the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-thyroid negative feedback loop

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH into portal system -> stimulates thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH -> thyroid gland has TSH receptor -> thyroid released thyroid hormone (T3/T4) into blood target organs in body -> increased overall metabolism -> as symptoms return to normal, negative feedback to hypothalamus

Thyroid hormone also negatively feeds back to inhibit TRH receptors

23
Q

Disease of thyroid gland

A

Grave’s disease

Hypothyroidism

Goiters

24
Q

What causes grave’s disease?

Symptoms?

A

Abnormal antibodies mimic TSH and cause over-secretion of T3 and T4

Elevated metabolism, sweating, rapid HR, weight loss, protruding eyeballs, thyroidectomy

25
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

Symptoms?

A

Insufficient T3 and T4 production usually from an autoimmune disease causing follicle cell death

Low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, cold, edema, mental sluggish

26
Q

What causes goiters?

A

Thyroid enlargement due to iodine deficiency

Follicle keep producing thyroglobulin but can’t iodinate it to make TH

Thyroid keeps receiving TSH because detects low TH levels; thyroid enlarges from overstimulation

27
Q

Location of parathyroid glands

Function?

Cells?

A

Posterior surface of thyroid gland

Release parathyroid hormone; regulates serum Ca and phosphate levels

Chief cells: release PTH when Ca levels low

Oxyphil cells

28
Q

Describe Ca regulation by PTH

A

Ca levels drop below 9.5

Parathyroid releases PTH: sitmulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone and release its Ca stores; increase Ca retention by kidneys; stimulates kidneys to convert inactive vitamins D to calcitriol (active vitamin D) which increases Ca absorption in SI

Ca increases and inhibits further PTH secretion

29
Q

Components of the adrenal gland

A 
Cortex: 
zona glomerulosa (gland looking)
zona fasiculata (rays/fasicles)
zona reticularis (irregular)

Medulla

30
Q

Hormones and their function in the zones of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulus: mineralocorticoids -> influence Na and K levels; aldosterone (targets kidney fx; secreted in response to low BP)

Zona fasiculata: glucocorticoids -> influence glucose metabolism and immune system; released after ACTH stimulation; cortisol (stress and glucose metabolism and anti-inflammatory of immune system)

Zona reticularis: androgens -> influence secondary sex characteristics

31
Q

Cells and function of adrenal medulla

Where are they derived from?

A

Chromafin cells (target of sympathetic neurons)

Sympathetic stimulation causes adrenal medulla chromaffin cells to secrete E and NE

Neural crest cells (ectoderm)

32
Q

Addison’s diseases

Causes?

Symptoms?

A

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids; because of an autoimmune disease or inherited metabolic disease w/ deficiencies in hormone producing enzymes

Blood glucose and Na levels drop, dehydration, low BP, fatigue, loss of appetite

33
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

Causes?

Symptoms?

A

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids because or either ACTH secretions pituitary tumor or tumor in adrenal cortex

High glucose, protein loss in muscles, muscle weakness, weight gain, lethargy, swollen face, buffalo hump, moon face

34
Q

Cells of the pancreas

Function?

A

Exocrine cells = Pancreatic acini

Endocrine cells = Pancreatic islets of Langerhans including:

Alpha cells: glucagon (release glucose from liver)

Beta cells: insulin (glycogen storage)

Delta cells: somatostatin (slows release of insulin and glucagon)

F-cells: pancreatic polypeptide (inhibit release of somatostatin)

35
Q

Describe pancreatic blood supply

A

Each islet has its own blood supply of fenestrated capillaries (insuloacinar portal system)

Supplies blood to the pancreatic acini surrounding the islet

Enable local action on exocrine pancreas from hormone produced in the islets

36
Q

Endocrine organs and the hormones they secrete

A

Gonads: estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

Heart: atrial natriuretic peptide

GI tract: peptides regulating digestion

Placenta: estrogen, progesterone, HCG

Kidney: renin, erythropoietin

Skin: precursor to vitamin D

Endo/Repro Midterm (11 decks)

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