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Histology & Embryology > Intro to Embryology > Flashcards

Intro to Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in week one?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Rapid cell divisions
  3. Blastocyst forms
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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Zygote= spermatozoa + ovum

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3
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Rapid cell division

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4
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

Smaller and smaller cells

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5
Q

What is morula?

A

16 cells stage

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6
Q

Blastocyst

A

the ball of cells containing a fluid filled cavity

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7
Q

When do blastocyst start to form?

A

day 4 to 5

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8
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

the tough membrane surrounding the cells.

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9
Q

What is Embryoblast and its function?

A

It is the inner cell mass of blastocyst forms embryo proper

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10
Q

What is trophoblast?

A

It is the outer cell mass and contribute to support tissues, placenta.

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11
Q

Where and when is the implantation?

A

blastocyst implants to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) between day 6 or 7.

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12
Q

What is bilaminar disc?

A

Inner cells of the blastocyst fallen into a two-layered or bilaminar disc or embryo.

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13
Q

Where is the bilaminar disc situated in the blastocyst?

A

It is squeezed between two fluid filled cavities the amniotic cavity above and the yolk sac below.

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14
Q

What is the amniotic cavity?

A

The cavity above the embryo resulting from the area left by the fallen the blastocyst.

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15
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

The cavity below the embryo resulting from what’s left of the blastocyst cavity.

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16
Q

What is trophoblast?

A

It is the layer that invades mother’s uterus and consists of cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast.

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17
Q

What is cytotrophoblast?

A

It is the mitotic inner layer of cells with new, outer layer fusing to form synctiotrophoblast.

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18
Q

What is synctiotrophoblast?

A
  • It is a multinucleated mass of fused cells (synctium)
  • Highly invasive.
  • Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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19
Q

What does placenta develops from?

A
  • Baby: primarily trophoblast cells

- Mother: inner, endometrial lining of the uterus.

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20
Q

What happens if the embryo is damaged during the first two weeks?

A

Within the first two weeks, any damage will either abort the embryo or it will recovers and develops normally.

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21
Q

When does uteroplacental circulation begin?

A

Primitive uteroplacental circulation begins when the trophobalst erodes the maternal blood vessels.

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22
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

It is the formation of trilaminar (three layered) embryo consisting of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

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23
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

It is a dark streak which signals the beginning of the gastrulation process when the cells on the dorsal surface of the embryo migrate toward the streak and invaginates into the disc to form an midline.

24
Q

How does the primitive streak establish direction on the embryo?

A

The ending of the primitive streak will develop into the bottom whereas the ending without the primitive streak will develop into the head.

25
Q

What is the notochord?

A

The notochord is a solid cord of mesoderm cells and will develop into the neural tube and vertebrae.

26
Q

What happens at the end of week 3?

A

The embryo started to fold into a cilinder with the ectoderm on top wrapping to cover the mesoderm and endoderm.

27
Q

How does each germ layer fold separately?

A
  1. The ectoderm wrap around and cover both mesoderm and endoderm and it also make an extra loop on top to form the neural tube.
  2. The mesoderm is sandwiched b/w the ectoderm and endoderm.
  3. Endoderm forms its own tube inside mesoderm and ectoderm.
28
Q

What is another result of lateral folding of the embryo?

A

It also result in the embryo being surrounded by the amnion which in turn is covered by the chorion and its cavity.

29
Q

What structure does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

The ectoderm give rise to the neural tube and the neural crest.
Ectoderm also gives rise to the outer covering of the embryo.

30
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

It is a hollow tube that gives rise to the CNS including brain, spinal cord and retina.

31
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

They are ectoderm cells right outside of and not included in the neural tube.
They migrate away and form PNS including ganglion and glial cells.

32
Q

What does mesoderm give rise to?

A

Mesoderm gives rise to:

  • Support tissues (connective tissue, cartilage, bone)
  • Muscle
  • Blood and blood vessels.
  • Most of the uterogential system.
  • Some will flatten to become simple squamous lining of serous membranes.
33
Q

What is the 1st system to function?

A

The cardiovascular is the first system to function

34
Q

How do blood vessels develop?

A

During week 3:

  • Blood vessels start out as “blood islands” of condense mesoderm in embryo and yolk sac.
  • Some inner cells start flattening and become the lining of the forming vessel cavities.
  • These developing vessels fuse and become a network.
35
Q

How does blood vessels help develop other organs?

A

Hematopoetic stem cells develop inside the blood islands and migrate to other areas of the embryo to start the development of other organs.

36
Q

How does the heart develop?

A

It is initially 2 paired tubes and the neural crest migrate in and help develop the septa.

37
Q

When does blood starts circulating?

A

it starts circulating at the end of week 3 when all the blood vessels are connected.

38
Q

When does the heart start beating?

A

The heart starts beating in week 4.

39
Q

What are somites?

A

Somites are blocks of mesoderm developing along side the neural tube.

40
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A

It gives rise to vertebrae, ribs, back, body wall muscles and dermis in the skin.

41
Q

How does the segmented nature of somites reflected?

A

It is reflected in the vertebrae and dermis:

  • Skeletal muscle initially develops in segmented strips.
  • The growth of nerves into muscle is also segmented.
42
Q

What are pharyngeal arches?

A

They are the head bulges developing around the the pharynx.

43
Q

How many pairs of pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5 pairs.

44
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches responsible for?

A

They are responsible for the creating the mature form of the face and neck.

45
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

It is the change in body form

46
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

It is the apperance of basic organ system.

47
Q

What is head and tail fold?

A

This type of folding occurs in the endoderm area resulting in the gut tube which include part of the yolk sac.

48
Q

What is lateral fold?

A

Lateral fold bring the sides of the embryo together ventrally forming a tube of 3 germ layers.

49
Q

What are the important period?

A
  • Early development: week 0-2
  • Embryonic period: week 3-8
  • Fetal period: week 9 to birth.
50
Q

What happens in early development?

A

Fertilization->cleavages->blastula->implantation->bilaminar embryo, yolk sac, amnion->cytotrophoblast, synctiotrophoblast->chorion.

51
Q

What happens in the embryonic period?

A

Development of 3 germ layers (gastrulation), morphogenesis (body shape), organogenesis ( organ system formation).

52
Q

What happens in the fetal period?

A

It is the period of continued growth.

53
Q

Period of susceptibility to teratogenesis.

A

0-2 weeks not sensitivity
3-8 weeks greatest sensitivity
9-38 weeks decreasing sensitivity

54
Q

What does Ectoderm give rise to? (more extensive)

A

Surface ectoderm: epidermis and derivatives
Neuroectoderm:
- Neural tube: CNS and retina
- Neural crest: Ganglia and PNS

55
Q

What does mesoderm give rise to? (extensive)

A
  • Support tissues
  • Blood cells
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymph cells
  • Lymphatic system
  • Most of GU system
56
Q

What does endoderm give rise to? (extensive)

A

Epithelial lining of:

  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Respiratory system
  • All the glands
  • Lower GU system: bladder, urethra and lower vagina

Histology & Embryology (5 decks)

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