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Histology & Embryology > Cytology II > Flashcards

Cytology II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a cell membrane?

A
  • semi-permeable lipid bilayer
  • Associated proteins
  • carbohydrates.
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2
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane?

A
  • Transport substances in and out
  • Maintains internal composition
  • Receives external signals
  • Discloses cell’s identity.
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3
Q

What are the main functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Cell support.
  • Shape
  • Movement of the cell
  • Movement of material within the cell.
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4
Q

How do tubules and filaments stain in H&E?

A

Tubules and filaments tend to be acidophilic-> they stain pink/orange with Eosin.

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5
Q

What are filaments and how many sizes are there?

A

Filaments are intracellular rods that come in 3 sizes.

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6
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Microfilaments are tiny rods made of actin.

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7
Q

What cells are microfilaments found in?

A

They are found in all cells

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8
Q

What are microfilaments called in muscle?

A

They are called thin filaments

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9
Q

What are the specialization containing microfilaments?

A
  • mircovilli
  • terminal web
  • contractile ring
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10
Q

What is microvilli?

A

Microvilli are small fingerlike projections in epithelial cells

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11
Q

What is terminal web?

A

Terminal web is the network of filaments in some epithelial cells.

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12
Q

What is a contractile ring?

A

Contractile ring is responsible for forming the cleavage in cytokinesis.

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13
Q

What is the size of microfilaments?

A

Microfilaments are about 7nm in diameter. (Baby)

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14
Q

What is myosin filaments?

A

Myosin filaments are also called thick filaments

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15
Q

Where can myosin (thick) filaments be found?

A

They can be found in all cells.

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16
Q

Where are myosin filaments best developed?

A

They are best developed in muscle where it is envolved in contraction.

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17
Q

What is the size of myosin filaments?

A

Myosin filaments are about 12 - 16 nm in diameter

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18
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

They are a heterogeneous class of filaments.

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19
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A

Intermediate filaments are important is cell support and shape

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20
Q

Where can intermediate filaments be found?

A

They can be found in adhering type of cell junctions.

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21
Q

What happens to the composition of intermediate filaments in different cell types?

A

The composition of intermediate filaments is different in different cell types.

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22
Q

What IF can be found in epithelial cells?

A

Cytokeratin can be found in epithelial cells

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23
Q

What IF can be found in mesoderm derived cells?

A

Vimentin can be found in mesoderm derived cells.

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24
Q

What IF can be found in muscle?

A

Desmin could be found in muscle

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25
Q

What IF can be found in glial cells of the brain?

A

Glial acidic fibriallary protein can be found in glial cells of the brain.

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26
Q

What IF can be found in neurons?

A

Neurofilaments can be found in neurons.

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27
Q

What is the significance of different types of IF?

A

The exact type of IF in a tumor can be used to identify the primary source of the cancer.

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28
Q

What are microtubles?

A

They are hollow tubes formed by repeating helical arrangement of tubulin.

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29
Q

What are the specialization containing microtubules?

A
  • Centriole
  • Mitotic spindle
  • Cilia and Flagella
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30
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

Centrioles are composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubles in bundles.

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31
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

They are the center for assembly of the mitotic spindle.

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32
Q

What is a mitotic spindle?

A

A mitotic spindle is a set of microtubules that attache to the chromosomes during mitosis.

33
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

They are motile projections.

34
Q

What organelle has 9 sets of doublets and 1 central doublet extending through the shaft?

A

Axoneme

35
Q

What organelle is similar to centriole in structure with 9 triplets?

A

Basal bodies

36
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

It is a large organelle composed of 2 membranes with inner membrane highly folded.

37
Q

What are the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

A

cristae

38
Q

What is the main reason why mitochondria have their own DNA?

A

Because they are self-replicating

39
Q

How do mitochondria generate ATP?

A

They generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

40
Q

How many mitochondria does a metabolically active have?

A

A metabolically active cell have more than 1000 mitochondria.

41
Q

What happen to the inner membrane of mitochondria in a cell that requires more energy?

A

The inner membrane of this cell will have more folds in order to increase surface area.

42
Q

How do mitochondria dye in H&E?

A

Mitochondria are acidophilic and dye pink. They are mostly responsible for pink staining of the cytoplasm.

43
Q

What are ribosome?

A

They are small dense granules containing RNA manufactured in the nucleus.

44
Q

What is the main function of ribosome?

A

Ribosomes with mRNA assemble amino acids into protein

45
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes on the rough ER?

A

Ribosomes on the rough ER produce secretory , lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins.

46
Q

What is the function of the free ribosomes?

A

They produce proteins for the cytoplasm.

47
Q

How do ribosomes stain with H&E?

A

Ribosomes are basophilic.

48
Q

What color does cytoplasm of cells synthesizing large amounts of proteins?

A

Cytoplasm of cells synthesizing large amount of protein appear blue. Ex: Immature RBC with free ribosomes to synthesize hemoglobin will stain blue.

49
Q

What is endoplasmic recticulum?

A

It is a system of interconnected membrane bound cavities that are continuous with the nuclear membrane.

50
Q

What is rough ER?

A

Rough ER contains ribosomes

51
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

It is the site of protein synthesis.

52
Q

What types of proteins are produced by rough ER?

A
  1. Secretory proteins (secretory vesicles or granules)
  2. Lysosomal proteins (lysosomes), acid hydrolases.
  3. Integral proteins for the cell membrane
53
Q

How does the rough ER stain?

A

Due to the attached ribosomes, rough ER is basophilic.

54
Q

What is smooth ER?

A

It is the site for lipid synthesis and cholesterol-derived compounds

55
Q

What kind of cells is smooth ER more prominent in?

A

Smooth ER is more prominent in cells secreting lipids, lipoproteins or steroid hormones.

56
Q

Why is smooth ER prominent in liver cells?

A

Because it is involved in in removal of toxins, lipid soluble drugs and alcohol from blood

57
Q

How do smooth ER stain in H&E?

A

Smooth ER is acidophilic.

58
Q

What is Golgi?

A

It is the primary center for recycling, packaging, distributing membrane and segregated proteins.

59
Q

What is the main functions of Golgi?

A
  1. Chemical modification of proteins.
  2. Packaging and distribution of secretory proteins for secretory vesicles and hydrolytic enzymes for lysosomes
  3. Distribution and recycling depot for membranes materials in the cell.
60
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

It is the release of material from the cell by fusion with the membrane

61
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

It is the entrance of material into the cell.

62
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Ingestion of small particles and fluids

63
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

ingestion of larger particles.

64
Q

List the process of synthesis and secretion of proteins.

A
  1. mRNA goes to RER
  2. Ribosomes assembles aa into proteins
  3. Transfer vesicles go to golgi
  4. Wrapped and packaged vesicles leave golgi
  5. exocytosis
65
Q

What happens when cells store a large amounts of vesicle?

A

The vesicle will accumulate and the cell will look grainy under LM

66
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

They are membrane bound bags of hydrolytic enzymes.

67
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  1. Lysosomes can destroy material outside of cell (osteoclasts, eosinophils)
  2. Lysosomes can destroy material inside the cell.
68
Q

What is heterophagy?

A

It is the breakdown of materials brought into the cell by phagocytosis.

69
Q

What is autophagy?

A

It is the breakdown of materials normally found within the cell.

70
Q

List the stages of lysosomes.

A
  1. Primary lysosome: newly formed lysosome
  2. Secondary lysosome: vesicle formed after the fusion of lysosome and endocytosed vesicle.
  3. Residual body: left over material after destruction.
71
Q

What is glycogen?

A

It is the standard product of glucose which dissolves in preparations.

72
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

It is the yellowish-brown pigment composed of residual bodies.

73
Q

What is Melanin?

A

It is the brownish-black pigmentin membrane bound vesicles.

74
Q

What is atrophy?

A

It is a decrease in cell size and organelles

75
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

It is an increase in cell size and organelles.

76
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

It is an increase in cell number.

77
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

78
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death caused by stimuli such as ischemia, injury or toxins.

Histology & Embryology (5 decks)

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