Intro to development and meiosis

Question 1

Embryonic Development: Growth

Answer 1

increase in cell number, size, extra cellular matrix

Question 2

Embryonic Development: Induction

Answer 2

chemical signal causing change in cells (migration, differentiation, or other change)

Question 3

How many weeks do embryologists vs clinicians count up to?

Answer 3

Embryologists count up to 38 weeks from fertilization, clinicians count up to 40 weeks from LMP for EDF.

Question 4

Third trimester

Answer 4

viable

Question 5

Embryonic Development: Cell Differentiation

Answer 5

Some genes are activated (determination). Others are inactivated (restriction)

Question 6

Notch/Delta (Morphogen)

Answer 6

Require direct cell-cell contact b/t Notch and delta, cell fate determining

Question 7

TGF-B Morphogen

Answer 7

promotes cell growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, mesoderm migration, axons

Question 8

Fetus (and weeks)

Answer 8

9 weeks to birth. All organ systems made functional.

Question 9

WNT (Wingless-related integration site) (Morphogen)

Answer 9

Muscle development

Question 10

Migration

Answer 10

movement of cells from one location to another

Question 11

Embryo (and weeks)

Answer 11

2-8 weeks, organ systems start developing

Question 12

Paracrine factors

Answer 12

Fibroblast growth factors, hedgehog family, WNT, Transforming Growth Factor-B

Question 13

Cavitation/Cannalization

Answer 13

(Ex. Cells move towards periphery in gut tube and you get an open space in the middle of what was previously solid tissue)

Question 14

Hedgehog series, SHH (Morphogen)

Answer 14

Development of vertebrae

Question 15

Trimester

Answer 15

one third of human gestational period, not related to developmental stages

Question 16

Second trimester

Answer 16

non viable

Question 17

Conceptus

Answer 17

embryo or fetus + all surrounding membranes derived from zygote

Question 18

Marfan syndrome

Answer 18

Defective fibrillin, otherwise absorbs/reduces amount of TGF-B

Question 19

Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP’s) (Morphogen)

Answer 19

signaling molecule helping with differentiation

Question 20

Pre-embryonic stages (and weeks)

Answer 20

First 2 weeks, after 16 divisions they are irregular/non-sequential and you have morula (ball of cells), then space inside morula is blastocyst

Question 21

Selective Cell Death

Answer 21

Apoptosis of cells b/t fingers

Question 22

Embryonic Development: Differential growth

Answer 22

Some part of structure grows faster than another (ex. Stomach

Question 23

Zygote

Answer 23

fertilized egg after nuclear fusion