Intro To CVS Anatomy

Question 1

Why do larger organisms need a Cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

SA:V to small to sufficiently supply all of the organism with nutrients directly by simple diffusion from the environment

Question 2

What is the structure of the capillaries?

Answer 2

Single layer of endothelial cells
Surrounded by basal lamina

Question 3

What takes place at the capillaries?

Answer 3

Diffusion of nutrients and waste
Exchange of materials between blood and surrounding tissues

Question 4

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 4

Supplies O2 and nutrients to tissues via capillaries
Removes wastes products from tissues

Question 5

What is the advantage of the alveoli having a rich blood supply?

Answer 5

Minimal diffusion distance between capillaries and alveoli for gas exchange

Question 6

What is the name of the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen?

Answer 6

Coronary arteries

Question 7

Why does the heart need its own supply of oxygenated blood when both the left atrium and ventricle receive oxygenated blood?

Answer 7

Diffusion from this blood to heart muscle is too slow

Question 8

How many blood vessels are connected to the heart?

Answer 8

8

Question 8

How many blood vessels are connected to the heart?

Answer 8

8

Question 9

How many of the 8 blood vessels connecting to the heart are arteries and how many are veins?

Answer 9

2 arteries
6 veins

Question 10

What are the 2 arteries connected to the heart called?

Answer 10

Pulmonary artery/trunk
Aorta

Question 11

What are the names of the 6 veins connected to the heart?

Answer 11

Superior vena cava (SVC)
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Right pulmonary veins (Superior and Inferior)
Left pulmonary veins (Superior and Inferior)

Question 12

Where does the pulmonary artery/trunk lead from and to?

Answer 12

From the right ventricle to the lungs
(Supplies deoxygenated blood to lungs)

Question 13

Where does the aorta lead from and to?

Answer 13

From the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Question 14

Where does the right superior and inferior pulmonary veins lead from and to?

Answer 14

The upper part of the right lung and lower part of the right lung to the left atrium

Question 15

Where does the left superior and inferior pulmonary vein lead from and to?

Answer 15

From the upper part of the left lung and lower part of the left lung to the left atrium

Question 16

What is the septum?

Answer 16

The wall separating the right and left side of the heart

Question 17

How many valves does the heart have?

Answer 17

4

Question 18

What are the 4 valves in the heart called?

Answer 18

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonic valve
Mitral valve (Bicuspid valve)
Aortic valve

Question 19

Where is the Tricuspid valve located?

Answer 19

Between the right atria and the right ventricle

Question 20

Where is the Pulmonic valve located?

Answer 20

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Question 21

Where is the mitral/bicuspid valve located?

Answer 21

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Question 22

What muscles control the opening and closing of the tricuspid and mitral valve?

Answer 22

Papillary muscles
Trabeculations (muscular ridges on inside of ventricles)

Question 23

What is the fibrous connective tissue which connects the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves?

Answer 23

Cordinae tendineae

Question 24

Briefly what is the structure of the Aorta?

Answer 24

Arch of aorta (curve /horseshoe with ascending aorta and descending aorta) Other arteries branch directly of the arch of aorta

Question 25

Where do the coronary arteries originate from?

Answer 25

First branches of the Aorta (Ascending aorta)

Question 26

How many coronary arteries are there?

Answer 26

3

Question 27

What are the names of the 3 coronary arteries?

Answer 27

Right coronary artery -RHS Left Anterior Descending artery - LHS Circumflex artery - LHS

Question 28

What 2 branches of artery does the left coronary artery branch into?

Answer 28

Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) Circumflex artery

Question 29

What is the Atrioventricular groove?

Answer 29

The horizontal groove that shows the division between the atria and the ventricles

Question 30

What are the oracles?

Answer 30

Ear like projections/flaps from the atria that hug round the 2 great vessels

Question 31

When you pull back the oracles (left and right), what are exposed?

Answer 31

Coronary arteries

Question 32

Where does the Right coronary artery run to from where it originates?

Answer 32

Follows atrioventricular groove around giving rise to a right marginal branch in the process. Follows atrioventricular groove round POSTERIORLY Gives of the Posterior Inter-ventricular branch

Question 33

Where does the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery run down?

Answer 33

Down the posterior of the septum between the 2 ventricles

Question 34

Where does the Left Anterior Descending coronary artery form from and where does it run down?

Answer 34

It forms from almost immediate branching of the left coronary artery, runs down the anterior septum

Question 35

What is another name for the Left Anterior Descending coronary artery?

Answer 35

Anterior inter-ventricular artery

Question 36

Where does the circumflex artery come from and where does it lead to?

Answer 36

Branches later on from the left coronary artery Follows the atrioventricular groove anteriorly (So opposite to the right coronary artery which goes posteriorly)

Question 37

What is the pericardium?

Answer 37

A double walled fibro-serous sac that encloses the heart

Question 38

What structure is fused inferior to the pericardium?

Answer 38

Diaphragm

Question 39

What is the function of the pericardium?

Answer 39

To protect the heart Prevents excessive movement and filling of the heart

Question 40

What are the nerve called that run over the pericardium which innervate the pericardium and the diaphragm?

Answer 40

Left and right Phrenic Nerves

Question 41

How does the inner serous pericardial membrane appear?

Answer 41

Smooth, glistening and shiny

Question 42

Can the 2 pericardial membranes be separated?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

What are the 2 inner serous layers of pericardium?

Answer 43

Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium

Question 44

What is the parietal pericardium?

Answer 44

The serous layer which is adhered to the inner fibrous pericardial layer

Question 45

What is the visceral pericardium?

Answer 45

The serous layer adhered to the external wall of the heart

Question 46

What can visceral pericardium also be referred to as?

Answer 46

Epicardium

Question 47

How many layers are there to the heart?

Answer 47

3

Question 48

What are the 3 layers of the heart called?

Answer 48

Epicardium (Visceral pericardium) Myocardium Endocardium

Question 49

What is the filling of fluid in the pericardial sac called?

Answer 49

Pericardial effusion

Question 50

What condition can Pericardial effusion cause?

Answer 50

Pericardial tamponade

Question 51

What is Pericardial tamponade?

Answer 51

The fluid that has built up in the pericardial sac puts pressure on the ventricles preventing them from filling up properly reducing stroke volume reducing oxygen transport around the body

Question 52

How is the heart orientated in the body?

Answer 52

In development heart twists to the left Left side is more posterior and the right side is more anterior Imagine your head is the heart with the apex being your chin. Look northwest, your right side is more anterior compared to your left side

Question 53

What is a sinus?

Answer 53

A naturally forming space

Question 54

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 54

The space behind the aorta and the pulmonary trunk formed by the embryological folding of the heart

Question 55

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus located?

Answer 55

Posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 56

Where is the oblique sinus located?

Answer 56

Posterior to the heart in the pericardial sac

Question 57

How do veins ensure blood flows towards the heart at low pressure?

Answer 57

Valves preventing back flow Compression/squeezing of deep veins by muscle tone and skeletal muscles

Question 58

What is the role of the tunic intima in both veins and arteries?

Answer 58

Stop blood sticking to vessel lining

Question 59

What are the major differences between the structure of arteries and veins?

Answer 59

Tunica media in arteries much thicker with smooth muscle and elastic fibres Arteries much narrower lumen Arteries no valves

Question 60

What is the function of the serous membrane/epicardium of the heart?

Answer 60

Smooth movement of heart, low friction

Question 61

What is the function of the myocardium of the heart?

Answer 61

Cardiac muscle cells responsible for heart contractions

Question 62

What is the function of the endocardium of the heart?

Answer 62

The smooth inner surfaces of the heart chambers stopping blood sticking to it

Question 63

What is pericarditis?

Answer 63

Inflammation of the pericardium Usually due to infection

Question 64

What is meant by right coronary artery dominance or non dominance?

Answer 64

If its dominant, its where the posterior descending artery originates from supplying the left ventricle If non dominant, the left circumflex artery supplies this

Question 65

How might pericardial effusion present and why?

Answer 65

Pressure on the phrenic nerves may cause: -shortness of breath dysponoea (diaphragm innervation affected -shoulder tip pain (where phrenic nerve runs past here)

Question 66

What imaging technique can be used to view the heart?

Answer 66

X-rays CT Cardiac MRI (CMRI) Ultrasound Nuclear

Question 67

What is angiography?

Answer 67

Imaging blood vessels

Question 68

How do the blood vessels appear in MRI contrast enhanced angiography?

Answer 68

White

Question 69

What is an Embolus?

Answer 69

When a clot forms in a vein and travels to the heart

Question 70

In CT scans how do Cardiac emboluses appear?

Answer 70

Dark patches

Question 71

Where is the aorta located in a CT image in the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 71

Centre vessel of heart

Question 72

What is Tranoesophogeal Echocardiography?

Answer 72

Patient swallows probe which sits in oesophagus posterior to the heart behind the oblique sinus emitting ultrasound waves

Question 73

What is tranoesophohpgeal Echocardiograhpy good for viewing?

Answer 73

Heart valves

Question 74

What is an Epstein anomaly?

Answer 74

Tricuspid valve closer to the apex of the heart than it should be